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Synchronization symbol structure using OFDM based transmission method |
| RE40568 |
Synchronization symbol structure using OFDM based transmission method
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| Patent Drawings: | |
| Inventor: |
Bohnke, et al. |
| Date Issued: |
November 11, 2008 |
| Application: |
11/286,440 |
| Filed: |
November 23, 2005 |
| Inventors: |
Bohnke; Ralf (Esslingen, DE)
Dolle; Thomas (Munchen, DE)
Puch; Tino (Bonn, DE)
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| Assignee: |
Sony Corporation (Tokyo, JP) |
| Primary Examiner: |
Duong; Frank |
| Assistant Examiner: |
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| Attorney Or Agent: |
Frommer Lawrence & Haug LLPFrommer; William S. |
| U.S. Class: |
370/203; 370/208; 370/350; 375/355 |
| Field Of Search: |
370/203; 370/208; 370/350; 375/355 |
| International Class: |
H04J 11/00 |
| U.S Patent Documents: |
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| Foreign Patent Documents: |
2 291 847; 0 836 303; 0 869 646; 0 982 905; 0 984 595; 0 984 596; 0 987 863; 1 014 562; 1 018 827; 1 037 481; 1 039 661; 1 065 855; 1 162 764; 1 170 916; 1 170 917; 1 207 661; 1 207 662; 1 276 251; 1 276 288; 1 379 026; 1 439 677; 1 530 336; 1 667 341; 1 705 852; 1 722 527; 2 320 868; 2000 209183; 10 0712865; WO 9800946; WO 98 00946 |
| Other References: |
Schmidl et al, Low-Overhead, Low-complexity [Burst] Synchronization for OFDM, IEEE, pp. 1301-1306, 1996. cited by examiner.
Mizoguchi et al, A Fast Burst Synchronization Scheme for OFDM, IEEE, pp. 125-129, 1998. cited by examiner.
Dinis R et al: "Carrier Synchronization with CEPB-OFDM" 1997 IEEE 47.sup.thVehicular Technology Conference, Phoenix, May 4-7, 1997, vol. 3, No. Conf. 47, May 4, 1997 (May 4, 1997), pp. 1370-1374, XP000738586 Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers. cited by other.
Bauml R W et al: "Reducing The Peak-To-Average Power Ratio of Multicarrier Modulationby Selected Mapping" Electronics Letters, vol. 32, No. 22, Oct. 24, 1996 (Oct. 24, 1996), pp. 2056-2057, XP000643915. cited by other.
Schmidl T M et Al: "Low-Overhead, Low-Complexity Burst Synchronization For OFDM" 1996 IEEE International Conference On Communications (ICC), Converging Technologies For Tommorrow's Applications Dallas, Jun. 23-27, 1996, vol. 3, Jun. 23, 1996 (Jun.23, 1996), pp. 1301-1306, XP000625022 Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers ISBN: 0-7803-3251-2. cited by other. |
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| Abstract: |
The present invention proposes a method for generating synchronization bursts for OFDM transmission systems. The symbols of a predefined symbol sequence are mapped according to a predefined mapping scheme on subcarriers of the OFDM systems by a mapping unit (2), wherein the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence represent subcarriers of the OFDM system with nonzero amplitudes. A synchronization burst is generated by a inverse fast Fourier transforming unit (3) transforming the subcarriers of the OFDM system mapped to said predefined symbol sequence. The mapping (2) of the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence is set such that the resulting time domain signal of the synchronization burst represents a periodic nature. According to the invention the predefined symbol sequence is set such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal of the synchronization burst is minimized. Therefore advantageous symbol sequences reducing said the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal are proposed. |
| Claim: |
What is claimed is:
1. A method for generating synchronization bursts for OFDM transmission systems, comprising the following steps: mapping the symbols of a predefined symbol sequence accordingto a predefined mapping scheme on subcarriers S of the OFDM system, wherein the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence represent subcarriers of the OFDM system with non-zero-amplitude, and generating a synchronization burst by Inverse FourierTransforming the subcarriers S of the OFDM system mapped with the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, characterized in that the predefined symbol sequence is set such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal of the synchronizationburst is minimized and the symbols of the predefined symbols sequence can be expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value.
2. A method for synchronizing wireless OFDM systems, characterized by the steps of generating a synchronization burst according to a method according to claim 1, and transmitting the synchronization burst.
3. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the time domain signal of the synchronization burst is precomputed and stored in a memory.
4. An OFDM transmitter, comprising: a unit for mapping the symbols of a predefined symbol sequence according to a predefined mapping scheme on subcarriers of the OFDM system, wherein the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence representsubcarriers of the OFDM system with non-zero-amplitude, and a unit for generating a synchronization burst by Inverse Fourier Transforming the subcarriers of the OFDM system mapped with the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, characterized in thatthe mapping unit is designed to modulate the subcarriers such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal of the synchronization burst is minimized by using the following predefined symbol sequence: A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being acomplex value.
5. An OFDM transmitter according to claim 4, characterized by a time extension unit copying the burst part to achieve a periodic nature of the time domain signal.
6. An OFDM transmitter according to claim 4, characterized by a processing unit for precomputing the time domain signal of the synchronization burst and a memory for storing the precomputed time domain signal of the synchronization burst.
7. A mobile communications device, comprising a transmitter according to claim 4.
8. A synchronization burst signal for synchronizing OFDM systems generated by a method according to claim 1.
.Iadd.9. A method for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers for an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: mapping symbols of a predefined symbol sequence in accordance with a predefined mappingscheme on said plurality of subcarriers, wherein pre-selected twelve symbols of the predefined symbol sequence have non-zero values, and generating a synchronization signal by Inverse Fourier Transforming said plurality of subcarriers mapped with thesymbols of said predefined symbol sequence, wherein the symbols of the predefined symbols sequence are expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.10. A method for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having at least twelve symbols corresponding torespective pre-selected ones of said plurality of subcarriers, and generating said synchronization signal in time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said preselected ones of said plurality of subcarriers, wherein said twelve symbols areset to nonzero having complex values and others of said symbols are set to zero, such that said twelve symbols are arranged periodically in said predefined symbol sequence in the frequency domain, and wherein said symbol sequence of said twelve symbolsis A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A, where A is a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.11. A method for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having twelve symbols each set to a non-zero valueand a plurality of further symbols each set to a zero value, wherein each of said symbols is mapped respectively on a predefined subcarrier of said plurality of subcarriers, and generating said synchronization signal in time domain by performing InverseFourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers mapped with said predefined symbol sequence, wherein said twelve symbols of the predefined symbol sequence is expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.12. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, said predefined symbol sequence having twelvesymbols set to non-zero values and other symbols set to zero values, and wherein said twelve symbols of said predefined symbols sequence are expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value, generating a synchronization signal in timedomain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers, and transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.13. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, generating a synchronization signal in timedomain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers, and transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals, wherein said predefined symbol sequence has twelve symbols having complex value and said twelvesymbols of said predefined symbols sequence can be expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein twelve symbols are arranged in said predefined symbol sequence such that every fourth subcarrier among said plurality of subcarriers has non-zeroamplitude..Iaddend.
.Iadd.14. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating synchronization signals in time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on a plurality of subcarriers on which apredefined symbol sequence is mapped in accordance with a predefined mapping scheme, and transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals, wherein said predefined symbol sequence contains the following symbol sequence comprisingtwelve complex values: A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein said twelve symbols are mapped on every fourth subcarriers of said plurality of subcarriers..Iaddend.
.Iadd.15. Apparatus for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers for an OFDM transmission system, comprising: a unit mapping symbols of a predefined symbol sequence in accordance with a predefined mapping schemeon said plurality of subcarriers, wherein pre-selected twelve symbols of the predefined symbol sequence have non-zero values, and a unit for generating a synchronization signal by Inverse Fourier Transforming said plurality of subcarriers mapped with thesymbols of said predefined symbol sequence, wherein the symbols of the predefined symbols sequence are expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.16. Apparatus for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising a unit for generating a predefined symbol sequence having at least twelve symbols corresponding torespective pre-selected ones of said plurality of subcarriers, and a unit for generating said synchronization signal in time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said preselected ones of said plurality of subcarriers, wherein said twelvesymbols are set to nonzero having complex values and others of said symbols are set to zero, such that said twelve symbols are arranged periodically in said predefined symbol sequence in the frequency domain, and wherein said symbol sequence of saidtwelve symbols is A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A, where A is a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.17. Apparatus for generating a synchronization signal by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising: a unit for generating a predefined symbol sequence having twelve symbols each set to a non-zero valueand a plurality of further symbols each set to a zero value, wherein each of said symbols is mapped respectively on a predefined subcarrier of said plurality of subcarriers, and a unit for generating said synchronization signal in time domain byperforming Inverse Fourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers mapped with said predefined symbol sequence, wherein said twelve symbols of the predefined symbol sequence is expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complexvalue..Iaddend.
.Iadd.18. Apparatus for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising: a unit for receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, said predefined symbol sequence having twelvesymbols set to non-zero values and other symbols set to zero values, and wherein said twelve symbols of said predefined symbols sequence are expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A A being a complex value, a unit for generating a synchronization signalin time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers, and a transmitter for transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.19. Apparatus for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising: a unit for receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, a unit for generating a synchronization signalin time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on said plurality of subcarriers, and a transmitter for transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals, wherein said predefined symbol sequence has twelve symbols havingcomplex value and said twelve symbols of said predefined symbols sequence can be expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein twelve symbols are arranged in said predefined symbol sequence such that every fourth subcarrier among said plurality ofsubcarriers has non-zero amplitude..Iaddend.
.Iadd.20. Apparatus for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising: a unit for generating synchronization signals in time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transforming on a plurality of subcarriers on which apredefined symbol sequence is mapped in accordance with a predefined mapping scheme, and a transmitter for transmitting said synchronization signals and said OFDM data signals, wherein said predefined symbol sequence contains the following symbolsequence comprising twelve complex values: A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein said twelve symbols are mapped on every fourth subcarriers of said plurality of subcarriers..Iaddend.
.Iadd.21. A method for synchronizing a wireless communication device in an OFDM communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving data signals and a synchronization signal exhibiting periodicity, the data signals and synchronizationsignal being transmitted from a transmitter side by using a plurality of subcarriers, said synchronization signal being based on a predefined symbol sequence having twelve complex value symbols with the symbol sequence A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A Awherein A is a complex value, and wherein said twelve symbols are mapped on every fourth subcarrier of said plurality of subcarriers so that said periodic nature of synchronization signal contains four repetitions of one synchronization signal in timedomain; and performing time and frequency synchronization in accordance with said periodicity of synchronization signal..Iaddend.
.Iadd.22. A method for synchronizing a wireless communication device in an OFDM communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving data and synchronization signals transmitted from a transmitter side by using a plurality of subcarriers,and performing time and frequency synchronization in accordance with said synchronization signal; wherein said synchronization signal is generated based on a predefined symbol sequence comprising twelve symbols having complex values and a sequence ofsaid twelve symbols is expressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein A is a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.23. A method for synchronizing a wireless communication device in an OFDM communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving data and synchronization signals transmitted from a transmitter side by using a plurality of subcarriers,and performing time and frequency synchronization in accordance with said synchronization signal; wherein said synchronization signal is generated based on a predefined symbol sequence comprising twelve nonzero symbols having complex value and othersymbols being set to zero so that said twelve symbols are arranged with periodicity in said predefined symbol sequence in the frequency domain, and wherein a sequence of said twelve symbols in the frequency domain is A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A whereinA is a complex value..Iaddend.
.Iadd.24. A method for synchronizing a wireless communication device in an OFDM communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving data and synchronization signals transmitted from a transmitter side by using a plurality of subcarriers,and performing time and frequency synchronization in accordance with said synchronization signal; wherein said synchronization signal is based on a predefined symbol sequence comprised of twelve symbols having complex value, said twelve symbols beingexpressed as A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A wherein A is a complex value and wherein the twelve symbols are arranged such that every fourth subcarrier among said plurality of subcarriers has non-zero amplitude..Iaddend.
.Iadd.25. A method for transmitting data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence comprised of a plurality of complex value symbols mapped on a plurality of subcarriers, generatinga synchronization signal by supplying said plurality of subcarriers having non-zero amplitude to an inverse Fourier Transform unit, such that said plurality of subcarriers mapped with said predefined symbol sequence are transformed into a time domainsignal to generate only one synchronization signal, copying said one synchronization signal to generate other synchronization signals in the time domain; and transmitting said generated synchronization signals and said data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence are expressed by C.sub.i-1 or C.sub.n-i, wherein: n is the number of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is a half value of n, i is aninteger running from 1 to m wherein said symbols expressed by C.sub.i-1 are supplied to one set of inputs of said inverse Fourier transform unit, and said symbols expressed by C.sub.n-i are supplied to another set of said inputs of said inverse Fouriertransform unit..Iaddend.
.Iadd.27. A method for transmitting data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, said predefined symbol sequence being formed of aplurality of symbols set to complex values, transforming said plurality of subcarriers, of non-zero amplitude, mapped with said predefined symbol sequence into a time domain signal using inverse Fourier transformation, so as to generate only onesynchronization signal, copying said one synchronization signal in the time domain to provide a synchronization signal with periodicity, and transmitting said provided synchronization signal and said data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.28. A method for transmitting data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of subcarriers on which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped, said predefined symbol sequence being formed of aplurality of symbols set to complex values, transforming said plurality of subcarriers, set to non-zero amplitude, mapped with said predefined symbol sequence into a time domain signal by using Inverse Fourier Transformation, to generate only onesynchronization signal, copying said one synchronization signal to generate other synchronization signals in the time domain; and transmitting said generated synchronization signals and said data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.29. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating one synchronization signal in the time domain by performing Inverse Fourier Transformation on a plurality of subcarrierson which a predefined symbol sequence is mapped in accordance with a predefined mapping scheme, wherein all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence are set to complex values, generating a synchronization signal of periodicity by copying said onesynchronization signal in the time domain, and transmitting said synchronization signal of periodicity and said OFDM data signals..Iaddend.
.Iadd.30. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having at least twelve non-zero complex value symbols, each of said twelve symbols beingmapped in a periodic manner on a plurality of pre-selected subcarriers in the frequency domain, generating a time domain signal by performing Inverse Fourier transformation on said plurality of pre-selected subcarriers mapped with said predefined symbolsequence, said predefined symbol sequence conforming with the following equations for all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein: n is the number of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is an integerlarger than one, C is the symbol value, and i is an integer from 1 to m..Iaddend.
.Iadd.31. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having at least twelve symbols corresponding torespective pre-selected ones of said plurality of subcarriers, generating a time domain signal by performing Inverse Fourier transformation on said plurality of pre-selected subcarriers corresponding to the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence,wherein each of twelve symbols is set to a nonzero complex value and said predefined symbol sequence has a binary symbol sequence expressed by A and -A, where A is a complex value, and wherein said predefined symbol sequence satisfies the followingequations for all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein: n is the number of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is an integer larger than one, C is the symbol value, and i is an integer from 1 tom..Iaddend.
.Iadd.32. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having at least twelve symbols corresponding torespective pre-selected subcarriers of said plurality of subcarriers, generating a time domain signal by performing Inverse Fourier transformation on said plurality of pre-selected subcarriers corresponding to the symbols of said predefined symbolsequence, wherein each of said twelve symbols has a nonzero complex value expressed by A or -A, and wherein said predefined symbol sequence satisfies the following equations for all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence: n=2m,C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein: n is the number of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is an integer larger than one, C is the symbol value, and i is an integer from 1 to m..Iaddend.
.Iadd.33. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals by using a plurality of subcarriers in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: generating a predefined symbol sequence having predefined symbols, each of said symbols beingmapped on a respective predefined subcarrier, and generating a time domain signal by Inverse Fourier Transforming said plurality of subcarriers mapped with the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, wherein said predefined symbols are set to nonzerocomplex values and have a binary sequence of symbol values expressed by A or -A, wherein said predefined symbol sequence satisfies the following equations for all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein: n is thenumber of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is an integer larger than one, C is the symbol value, and i is an integer from 1 to m..Iaddend.
.Iadd.34. A method for transmitting OFDM data signals in an OFDM transmission system, comprising the steps of: mapping symbols of a predefined symbol sequence in accordance with a predefined mapping scheme on said plurality of subcarriers,wherein pre-selected symbols of the predefined symbol sequence have non-zero values, and generating a time domain signal by Inverse Fourier Transforming said plurality of subcarriers mapped with the symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, whereinsaid predefined symbol sequence satisfies the following equations for all symbols of said predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein: n is the number of symbols of said predefined symbol sequence, m is an integer larger than one, Cis the symbol value, and i is an integer from 1 to m..Iaddend. |
| Description: |
The present invention relates to a method for generating synchronization bursts for OFDM transmission systems, a method forsynchronizing wireless OFDM systems, an OFDM transmitter as well as to a mobile communications device comprising such a transmitter.
The present invention relates generally to the technical field of synchronizing wireless OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) systems. Thereby it is known to use a synchronization burst constructed using especially designed OFDMsymbols and time domain repetitions.
Particularly from the document IEEE P802.11a/d2.0 "Draft supplement to a standard for telecommunications and information exchange between systems--LAN/MAN specific requirements--part 1: wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer(PHY) specifications: high-speed physical layer in the 5 GHz band" a synchronization scheme for OFDM systems is proposed. This document is herewith included by reference as far as it concerns the synchronization including the proposed implementation. Said known scheme will now be explained with reference to FIG. 6 to 8 of the enclosed drawings.
FIG. 6 shows the structure of the known synchronization field. As shown in FIG. 6 the synchronization field consists of so-called short symbols t1, t2, . . . t6 and two long symbols T1, T2. In view of the present invention particularly theshort symbols t1, t2 . . . t6 are of interest. Among the short symbols t1, t2, . . . t6 used for the amplifier gain control (t1, t2, t3) and the course frequency offset and timing control only the symbols t1, t2, t3 and t4 are actually generated,whereas the symbols t5, t6 are cyclic extensions (copies of the symbols t1 and t2, respectively). It is to be noted that FIG. 5 shows only the synchronization preamble structure as the structure of the following signal field indicating the type ofbaseband modulation and the coding rate as well as the structure of further following data fields are not of interest in view of the present invention. For further details reference is made to said prior art document.
The symbols t1, t2, t3, t4 are generated by means of an OFDM modulation using selected subcarriers from the entire available subcarriers. The symbols used for the OFDM modulation as well as the mapping to the selected subcarriers will now beexplained with reference to FIG. 6.
Each of the short OFDM symbols t1, . . . t6 is generated by using 12 modulated subcarriers phase-modulated by the elements of the symbol alphabet:
S= 2(.+-.1.+-.j)
The full sequence used for the OFDM modulation can be written as follows: S.sub.-24,24= 2*{1+j,0,0,0,1+j,0,0,0,-1-j,0,0,0,-1-j,0,0,0,1-j,0,0,0,-1-j,0,0,0,0 0,0,0,1+j,0,0,0,1+j,0,0,0,-1-j,0,0,0,1+j,0,0,0,-1+j,0,0,0,1+j}
The multiplication by a factor of 2 is in order to normalize the average power of the resulting OFDM symbol.
The signal can be written as: .function..times. .times..function..times..times. .times..times..function..pi..times. .times..times. .times..DELTA..times. ##EQU00001##
The fact that only spectral lines of S.sub.-24, 24 with indices which are a multiple of 4 have nonzero amplitude results in a periodicity of T.sub.FFT/4=0.8 .mu.sec. The interval T.sub.TSHORT1 is equal to nine 0.8 .mu.sec periods, i.e. 7.2.mu.sec.
Applying a 64-point IFFT to the vector S, where the remaining 15 values are set to zero, four short training symbols t1, t2, t3, t4 (in the time domain) can be generated. The IFFT output is cyclically extended to result in 6 short symbols t1,t2, t3, . . . t6. The mapping scheme is depicted in FIG. 7. The so called virtual subcarriers are left unmodulated.
The way to implement the inverse Fourier transform is by an IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm. If, for example, a 64 point IFFT is used, the coefficients 1 to 24 are mapped to same numbered IFFT inputs, while the coefficients -24to -1 are copied into IFFT inputs 40 to 63. The rest of the inputs, 25 to 39 and the 0 (DC) input, are set to zero. This mapping is illustrated in FIG. 7. After performing an IFFT the output is cyclically extended to the desired length.
With the proposed inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) mapping as shown in FIG. 7 the resulting time domain signal consists of 4 periodically repeated short symbols t1, t2, t3, t4, and cyclically extended by a copy of t1, t2, which copy isdepicted in FIG. 5 as t5, t6. Note that in the present case only spectral lines with indices which are a multiple of 4 have nonzero amplitude. Other periodic natures can be generated by setting other multiples of the spectral lines to nonzeroamplitudes.
Though the known synchronization scheme is very effective, it provides for disadvantage regarding the time domain signal properties.
For OFDM (or in general multicarrier signals) the signal envelope fluctuation (named Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio=PAPR) is of great concern. A large PAPR results in poor transmission (due to nonlinear distortion effects of the power amplifier)and other signal limiting components in the transmission system (e.g. limited dynamic range of the AD converter).
For synchronization sequences it is even more desirable to have signals with a low PAPR in order to accelerate the receiver AGC (automatic gain control) locking and adjusting the reference signal value for the A/D converter (the whole dynamicrange of the incoming signal should be covered by the A/D converter resolution without any overflow/underflow).
FIGS. 8a, 8b show the "absolute" (sqrt{In*+Quad*Quad}) value of the resulting time domain signal waveform with the sequences proposed by Lucent Technologies. Oversampling (8*) was considered in order to ensure the peak was captured correctlyusing the limited 64-point IFFT.
FIGS. 8c, 8d show the real and imaginary part of the resulting transmitted time domain waveform. The resulting PAPR is 2.9991 dB (no oversampling) and 3.0093 dB (with 8 times oversampling).
Therefore it is the object of the present invention to provide for a synchronization technique which bases on the known synchronization technique but which presents improved time domain signal properties to reduce the requirements for thehardware.
The above object is achieved by means of the features of the independent claims. The dependent claims develop further the central idea of the present invention.
According to the present invention therefore a method for generating synchronization bursts for OFDM transmission systems is provided. Symbols of a predefined symbol sequence are mapped according to a predefined mapping scheme on subcarriers ofthe OFDM system wherein the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence represent subcarriers with nonzero amplitudes. A synchronization burst is generated by inverse fast Fourier transforming the subcarriers mapped with a predefined symbol sequence. According to the present invention the predefined symbol sequence is optimized such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal (Peak-to-average-power-ratio) is minimized.
The predefined symbol sequence can be chosen such that the following equations are satisfied for all symbols of the predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.1-i, n being the number of symbols of the predefined symbol sequence, mbeing an integer larger than one, C being the symbol value, and i being an integer running from 1 to m.
The mapping of the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform can be set such that the resulting time domain signal of the synchronization burst represents a periodic nature.
Alternatively the mapping of the symbols of the predefined symbol sequence and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform is set such that one burst part of the synchronization burst in the time domain is generated and the periodic nature of thesynchronization burst in the time domain is achieved by copying the one burst part.
The number of symbols of a symbol sequence (n) can for example be 12.
The above equations define generally the symbol sequences according to the present invention. The predefined symbol sequence can therefore be for example:
A A A -A -A -A -A A -A -A A -A,
wherein A is a complex value.
Alternatively the predefined symbol sequence can be:
A -A A A -A A A A A -A -A -A,
wherein A is a complex value.
Alternatively the following predefined symbol sequence can be used:
A B -A B -A -B B A -B A -B -A,
wherein A, B are complex values.
As a further alternative the following sequence can be used:
A -B -A -B -A B -B A B A B -A,
wherein A, B are complex values.
According to the present invention furthermore a method for synchronizing wireless OFDM systems is provided, wherein a synchronization burst is generated according to a method as set forth above and the synchronization burst is transmittedrespectively before the transmission of data fields.
Thereby the time domain signals of the synchronization burst can be precomputed and stored in a memory, such that the computation of the time domain signal of the burst is only effected once.
According to the present invention furthermore a OFDM transmitter is provided comprising a mapping unit for mapping the symbols of a predefined symbols sequence according to a predefined mapping scheme on subcarriers of the OFDM system, whereinthe symbols of a predefined symbols sequence represent the subcarriers of the OFDM system with nonzero amplitudes. Furthermore an inverse fast Fourier transforming unit is provided for generating a synchronization burst by inverse fast Fouriertransforming the subcarriers of the OFDM mapped with said predefined symbols sequence. The mapping unit thereby is designed such that the resulting time domain signal of the synchronization burst represents a periodic nature. The mapping unit accordingto the present invention uses a predefined symbol sequence which is such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal of the synchronization burst is minimized.
According to the present invention furthermore a mobile communications device such as set forth above is used.
With reference to the figures of the enclosed drawings referred embodiments of the present invention will now be explained.
FIG. 1 shows schematically a transmitter according to the present invention,
FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment for a transmitter according to the present invention,
FIG. 3 shows an alternative mapping scheme according to the present invention,
FIGS. 4a to 4d show the time domain signal properties achieved with the synchronization symbol structure using OFDM based transmission according to the present invention,
FIGS. 5a to 5d show the time domain signal properties of synchronization symbol structures according to alternative embodiments of the present invention,
FIG. 6 shows a synchronization preamble structure known from the prior art,
FIG. 7 shows an IFFT mapping according to the prior art, and
FIGS. 8a to 8d show the time domain properties of the synchronization symbol structure according to the prior art,
FIGS. 9a and 9b show the time domain properties, particularly the dynamic range of the synchronization symbol structure according to the prior art, and
FIGS. 10a and 10b show the time domain properties of the synchronization symbol structure according to further alternative embodiments of the present invention,
According to the present invention the time domain synchronization burst structure as shown in FIG. 6 is maintained. The IFFT mapping as shown in FIG. 7 can be maintained or alternatively the IFFT mapping according to FIG. 3 can be used. Thesymbol sequences mapped to the subcarriers are optimized to sequences which result in a lower PAPR.
According to the present invention a short OFDM symbol (t1, . . . t6) consists of 12 phase-modulated subcarriers.
TABLE-US-00001 C00 C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 C06 C07 C08 C09 C10 C11 Seq0 A A A -A -A -A -A A -A -A A -A Seq1 A -A A A -A A A A A -A -A -A Seq2 A B -A B -A -B B A -B A -B -A Seq3 A -B -A -B -A B -B A B A B -A
with .function..pi..phi..times. .times. ##EQU00002## .times..pi..function..pi..phi..times..pi..times. .times..times. .times..times..ltoreq..phi.< ##EQU00002.2##
Generally the predefined symbol sequence therefore is chosen such that the envelope fluctuation of the time domain signal of the synchronization burst is minimized.
Therefore generally the predefined symbol sequence is set such that the following equations are satisfied for all symbols for the predefined symbol sequence: n=2m, C.sub.i-1=.+-.C.sub.n-i wherein n is a number of symbols of the predefined symbolsequence, m is an integer larger than 1, c is the symbol value, and i is an integer value running from 1 to m.
In the following the time domain signal properties of the new sequences according to the present invention will be shown with reference to FIGS. 4a to 4d and FIGS. 5a to 5d.
For simplicity we use in our demonstration the classical quadriphase symbol alphabet, .times..+-..+-. ##EQU00003## (this corresponds to .phi..sub.A=0.125)
TABLE-US-00002 Symbol A .times. .times..times..pi. ##EQU00004## .times. ##EQU00005## -A .times. .times..times..pi..times. .times..times..times..pi. ##EQU00006## .times. ##EQU00007## B .times. .times..times..pi..times..pi..times. .times..times..times..pi. ##EQU00008## .times. ##EQU00009## -B .times. .times..times..times..pi..times. .times..times..times..pi. ##EQU00010## .times. ##EQU00011##
Table 1: Complex symbol mapping
FIGS. 5a and 5b thereby show the time domain signal (magnitude) when using the optimized sequence according to the present invention in the case of no oversampling/8-times oversampling is effected.
PAPR (in decibel) is limited to 2.059 (even when using a time domain oversampling to capture the actual peak).
FIGS. 5c and 5d show the in-phase and quadrature-phase component, respectively, of the resulting wave form. It is clearly visible that the full symbol consists of four repetitions of a short sequence.
FIGS. 5a to 5d show graphics corresponding to FIGS. 4a to 4d for the other proposed sequences S1, S2 and S3.
Further simulations have shown that not only the PAPR can be optimized but also the dynamic range of the signal should be minimized. Therefore another four sequences, with achieve a small PAPR and at the same time a small overall dynamic rangeare proposed further below.
Using the sequence as proposed in the state of the art the PAPR is 3.01 dB and the dynamic range (defined as the ratio of the peak power to the minimum power) is 30.82 dB (see FIGS. 9a and 9b).
Using the sequences according to the present invention and as described above the PAPR is reduced to 2.06 dB, however, the dynamic range is increased as the signal power is `0` at some points.
Therefore the following four sequences are proposed as a further embodiment of the present invention:
The symbol sequence is C0, C1, . . . C11 and the mapping is: S=2*{C00, 0, 0, 0, C01, 0, 0, 0, C02, 0, 0, 0, C03, 0, 0, 0, C04, 0, 0, 0, C05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, C06, 0, 0, 0, C07, 0, 0, 0, C08, 0, 0, 0, C09, 0, 0, 0, C10, 0, 0, 0, C11}
TABLE-US-00003 C00 C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 C06 C07 C08 C09 C10 C11 Seq-Alt0 A A A A -A -A A -A -A A -A A Seq-Alt1 A -A A -A -A A -A -A A A A A Seq-Alt2 A B -A -B -A -B -B -A -B -A B A Seq-Alt3 A -B -A B -A B B -A B -A -B A
with A=exp (i*2*.pi.*.phi..sub.A) and .times..pi..function..pi..phi..times..pi..times. ##EQU00012## and 0.0.ltoreq..phi..sub.A<1.0.
Using these sequences the PAPR is reduced to 2.24 dB and the dynamic range is limited to 7.01 dB as it is shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b.
The advantages are the same as described before, however, the clipping problem is further reduced due to the very limited dynamic range of the signal.
With reference to FIG. 1 and 2 possible implementations of a transmitter according to the present invention will now be explained.
In the transmitter the sync symbol data 1 are prepared and mapped in a IFFT mapping unit 2 to the appropriate IFFT points. The subcarriers of the OFDM system are transformed by a IFFT unit 3 and then the time domain signal is extended in a timeextension unit 4 by copying parts of the signals (for example, t1, t2 are copied to t5, t6). The time extended signal is then sent to the I/Q modulator 5.
As shown in FIG. 2 alternatively the time domain signal can be precomputed once in a computation unit 7 and then be stored in a memory 6 for the precomputed sample for the time signal. Then the time domain signal of the synchronization burst canbe sent to the modulator 5 directly from the memory 6.
With reference to FIG. 3 a modified IFFT mapping scheme will now be explained.
According to this scheme, the principle of setting only every fourth subcarrier of the OFDM system to a non-zero amplitude (see FIG. 7) is abandoned. Therefore the time domain signal achieved according to the mapping scheme of FIG. 3 will notpresent a periodic nature.
The IFFT size is now only 16 (instead of 64 as it is the case in FIG. 7). Only one of the bursts t1, t2, . . . t6 will be generated. The other bursts can be generated by copying to retain the periodic nature of the synchronization time domainsignal necessary for the correlation and synchronization on the receiving side. Therefore for example the time extension unit 4 can perform the copying of the 16-sample burst t1 generated by the IFFT 16 according to FIG. 7 to the other burst t2, t3, . . . t6. Obviously the mapping scheme according to FIG. 3 reduces the computing effort necessary for the IFFT. The periodic nature of the time domain signal of the SYNCH bursts is therefore no longer achieved by the IFFT step, but by copying the burstt1 generated with the simplified IFFT mapping scheme.
The mapping scheme shown in FIG. 3 is also advantageous in combination with the precomputing technique shown in FIG. 2.
According to the present invention therefore a synchronization burst structure to be used in high speed wireless transmission systems is proposed. The synchronization burst is constructed using especially designed OFDM symbols and time domainrepetitions. The resulting synchronization burst achieves a high timing detection and frequency offset estimation accuracy. Furthermore the burst is optimized to achieve a very low envelope fluctuation (Low peak-to-average-power-ratio) to reduce thecomplexity on the receive and to reduce time and frequency acquisition time at the receiver.
Therefore the synchronization performance can further be improved. As with the scheme according to the present invention the envelope of the OFDM based synchronization burst in the time domain is reduced, the AGC pool-in speed at the receivercan be improved and an accurate time and frequency synchronization can be achieved. Furthermore the synchronization complexity on the receiver side can be reduced due to the reduced resolution requirements necessary due to reduced envelope fluctuation.
The advantages of the present invention can be set forth as following: An OFDM based SYNCH symbol with a reduced Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PARP) is proposed, Improved synchronization performance (compared to the state of the art proposal),Reduced AGC (automatic gain control) pull-in time due to reduced dynamic range of the SYNCH burst, Improved AGC settlement (AGC has to adjust to a incoming signal level that later on now overflow/underflow in the AD happens. The reduced dynamic range ofthe SYNCH burst help to find this reference level more accurate), Reduced synchronization detection complexity on the receiver (reduced resolution necessary due to reduced envelope fluctuation).
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