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Purified nontypable Haemophilus influenzae P5 protein as a vaccine for nontypable Haemophilus influenzae infection |
| RE37741 |
Purified nontypable Haemophilus influenzae P5 protein as a vaccine for nontypable Haemophilus influenzae infection
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| Patent Drawings: | |
| Inventor: |
Zlotnick |
| Date Issued: |
June 11, 2002 |
| Application: |
09/599,652 |
| Filed: |
June 21, 2000 |
| Inventors: |
Zlotnick; Gary W. (Penfield, NY)
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| Assignee: |
American Cyanamid Company (Madison, NJ) |
| Primary Examiner: |
Graser; Jennifer E. |
| Assistant Examiner: |
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| Attorney Or Agent: |
Gordon; Alan M.Rosenblum; Anne M. |
| U.S. Class: |
424/184.1; 424/185.1; 424/256.1; 424/831; 530/350; 530/412; 530/807 |
| Field Of Search: |
424/256.1; 424/184.1; 424/185.1; 424/831; 530/300; 530/350; 530/324; 530/326; 530/412; 530/807 |
| International Class: |
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| U.S Patent Documents: |
5098997; 5766608 |
| Foreign Patent Documents: |
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| Other References: |
Purification and Partial Characterization of Outer Membrane Proteins P5 and P6 from Haemophilus Influenzae Type b. American Society forMicrobiology, R. Munson, Jr. and D. Granoff, May 1985.*.
Spinola, S. M., et al., The Major Outer Membrane Protein of Haemophilus ducreyi Is a Member of the OmpA Family of Proteins, Infection and Immunity, Apr. 1993, pp. 1346-1351.*.
Faden, H., et al., Otitis Media in Children. I. The Systemic Immune Response to Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, 1989, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 160, No. 6, pp. 999-1004.*.
Munson et al., Infection & Immunity 61:4017-4020, Sep. 1993..
Hughes et al., ABSTRACTS of the 92nd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, p. 106, Abstr. D-63, 1992..
Munson et al., Infection & Immunity 49:544-549, 1985..
Green et al., Infection & Immunity 61:1950-1957, 1993..
Houghten et al., VACCINES, 86 New Approaches to Immunization, pp. 21-25, 1986..
Munson, Jr. et al., ABSTRACTS of the 24th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy, held in Washington, D.C. on Oct. 8-10, 1984, p. 234, Abstr. No. 829..
Spinola et al., Infection & Immunity 61:1346-1351, Apr. 1993..
Faden et al., Journal of Infection Diseases 160(6):999-1004, 1989..
Loeb et al., Infection & Immunity 55:2612-2618, 1987..
L. van Alphen et al., Infection & Immunity 56:1800-1806, 1988..
T. Sirakova et al., Infection & Immunity 62:2002-2020, 1994.. |
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| Abstract: |
The present invention relates to P5 outer membrane protein of the non-typable Haemophilus influenzae bacterial strain and antibodies directed to P5 protein. The invention also relates to a method of isolating P5 protein and a vaccine composition for use in the treatment of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae infection. |
| Claim: |
What is claimed is:
1. P5 outer membrane protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae bacterial strains which is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin, which is purified without the use ofdenaturing detergents or reducing agents and which elicits bactericidal antibodies.
2. The P5 protein of claim 1 wherein the amino acid sequence is provided in .[.FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:1).]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:1.Iaddend., wherein the P5 protein elicits bactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a host.
3. A preparation of P5 protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae which is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin, wherein the protein is purified without the use of denaturing detergents or reducing agents and wherein the protein elicitsbactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a host.
4. A vaccine composition for use in the treatment of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae infections which comprises an effective amount of nontypable Haemophilis influenzae P5 protein which is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin, which ispurified without the use of denaturing detergents or reducing agents and which elicits bactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a host; in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and an optional adjuvant.
5. The vaccine composition of claim 4, further comprising at least one additional antigen or one or more organisms.
6. The vaccine composition of claim 5, wherein the organism is selected from the group consisting of a bacterium, virus, parasite and fungus.
7. The vaccine composition of claim 5, wherein the organism or organisms are etiologic agents of otitis media, or sinusitis or chronic pulmonary obstructive disease.
8. The vaccine composition of claim 5, wherein the organism or organisms are etiologic agents of meningitis.
9. The vaccine composition of claim 8, wherein the organism is selected .[.frog.]. .Iadd.from .Iaddend.the group consisting of: Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A, Staphylococcus aureus, Branhamella catarrhalis, andrespiratory syncytial virus.
10. The vaccine composition of claim 5, wherein the additional antigen is an outer membrane protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
11. The vaccine composition of claim 10, wherein the outer membrane protein is selected from the group consisting of peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein .[.Haemophilus lipoprotein, PAL or.]. .Iadd.of Haemophilus (PAL) and.Iaddend.PAL cross-reacting protein (PCP).
12. A vaccine composition comprising an antigen conjugate comprising nontypable Haemophilus influenzae P5 protein which is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin, which is purified without the use of denaturing detergents or reducing agentsand which elicits bactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a host, conjugated to an antigen of an organism or an epitope or epitopes of that antigen, in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
13. The vaccine composition of claim 12, wherein the organism is nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
14. The vaccine composition of claim 13 wherein the antigen is an .[.oligo.]. .Iadd.oligo- .Iaddend.or polysaccharide antigen of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
15. The vaccine composition of claim 12, wherein the antigen is an outer membrane protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
16. .[.A.]. .Iadd.The .Iaddend.vaccine composition of claim 15 wherein the outer membrane protein is peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein .[.Haemophilus lipoprotein.]. .Iadd.of Haemophilus.Iaddend..
17. A method of treating against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, comprising administering to an individual an immunogenic amount of P5 protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae which is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin, whereinsaid P5 protein is purified without the use of denaturing detergents or reducing agents and which elicits bactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a host.
18. .[.A.]. .Iadd.The .Iaddend.method of claim 17 wherein P5 protein has the amino acid sequence shown in .[.FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:1).]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:1.Iaddend..
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the P5 protein is administered in conjunction with at least one other antigen of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the antigen is an oligo- or polysaccharide or an outer membrane protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the outer membrane protein is peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein .[.Haemophilus lipoprotein.]. .Iadd.of Haemophilus..Iaddend.
22. A method of reducing susceptibility to acute otitis media, sinusitis or chronic pulmonary obstructive disease comprising administering to an individual an immunogenic amount of P5 protein of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae which issubstantially free of bacterial endotoxin, wherein said P5 protein .[.in.]. .Iadd.is .Iaddend.purified without the use of denaturing detergents or reducing agents and which elicits bactericidal antibodies against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in ahost.
23. The vaccine composition of claim 12 which further comprises an adjuvant.
24. The preparation of claim 3 which further comprises an adjuvant. |
| Description: |
.Iadd.This is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,213 issued on Jun. 23, 1998 from application Ser. No. 08/210,394filed on May 5, 1994..Iaddend.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to P5 outer membrane protein of the Haemophilus influenzae bacterial strain and antibodies directed to P5 protein. The invention also relates to a method of isolating P5 protein and a vaccine composition for use inthe treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infection.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Haemophilus influenzae strains are divided into two groups, typable and nontypable. Strains which possess a known capsule are typed by a serological reaction of the capsule with reference antisera. Currently, types a-f have been identified astypable. Strains which do not possess a capsule and fail to react with any of the reference antisera are nontypable.
Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) infections are implicated in several disease states including otitis media, sinusitis, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a major cause of meningitis andother invasive infections in children under the age of four years. Antibodies directed against the capsular polysaccharide of the organism are bactericidal, opsonic in vitro and protective in experimental animals and humans. As used herein, opsonic isdefined as preparation of the surface of microorganisms so that they can be more readily taken-up by phagocytes. While safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type B disease have been produced, the vaccines are all basedon producing antibodies to the polysaccharide capsule which is exterior to the cell wall in the bacteria. NTHi strains of Haemophilus influenzae strains by definition lack a capsule. Therefore, antibodies to capsule will not be effective at preventingNTHi infections.
It is of interest to characterize outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae bacteria and assess their vaccine potential. Munson et al., (J. Clin. Invest, 72:677-684 (1983)) reported the purification and characterization of P2, one of themajor outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae strains. The researchers found that P2 protein is present in high concentrations, is easily purified, and induces protective antibody in rabbits. P5 protein is thought to be associated with theouter membrane protein layer and was previously extracted by solubilization with sodium dedecyl sulfate (SDS) and organic solvent fractionation. (Coulton et al. Can. J. Microbiology. 20:280-287 (1983)). It has been suggested, however, that the use ofSDS may denature proteins in certain circumstances.
Munson and Granoff (American Society of Microbiology (p. 544. (1985)), have reported the partial characterization of P5 and P6 proteins. The results indicated that while P6 cell wall complex elicited antibody in rabbits which had protectiveactivity in the infant rat model, P5 did not yield antiserum which was protective in .[.infants.]. .Iadd.infant .Iaddend.rats nor did .[.it atisera revert wth.]. .Iadd.its antisera react with .Iaddend.surface of bacteria by immunofluorescence which hadimmunofluorescence activity in vitro. Based on these findings those skilled in the art concluded that P5 was not a vaccine candidate for the prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide essentially pure P5 outer membrane protein of Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, antibodies directed to P5 protein and a vaccine composition for use in the treatment of Haemophilusinfluenzae infective strains.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of purifying P5 protein from the outer membrane of Haemophilus influenzae bacteria and which yields protein which can be used to produce active antibodies. Thus, P5 can be usedto produce a vaccine for NTHi and type b strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The invention may be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings and detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1: Provides a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel of purified non-typable and type B P5 proteins. Lane 1 depicts nontypable P5 (P860295); lane 2 depicts type B P5 (Eagan). The doublet in lane 1 represents the heat modified and non-heatmodified forms of P5 protein. P5 from NTHi strain P860295 (lane 1) and from HIB Eagan (lane 2) were analyzed in 15% SDS-PAGE gels. The doublet in lane 1 represents the heat modified and non heat modified forms of P5.
.[.FIG. 2: Provides.]. .Iadd.FIGS. 2A and 2B: Provide .Iaddend.the amino acid sequence of purified P5 protein (SEQ ID NO:1), which is capable of eliciting a bactericidal antibody. Alignment using Clustal method with PAM250 residue weighttable.
FIG. 3: Provides whole cell Elisa endpoint titers generated from rabbit -antisera directed against NTHi P5. Endpoint titer=the reciprocal of the highest dilution giving an optical density of 0.1 at 405 nm. Rabbits were vaxed (study #T91-3984)at weeks 0, 4, 8 with 15 ug/animal of NTHi P5 from P860295+3DMPL via subcutaneous injection. Endpoint titers represented here are from week 10 bleeds. All pre sera endpoints titered out no greater than 4000. Rabbit antibodies were detected with TAGOgoat, anti rabbit IgG+IgM conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.
FIG. 4: Provides whole cell Elisa endpoint titers generated from mouse antisera directed against NTHi P5. Endpoint titer=the reciprocal of the highest dilution giving an optical density of 0.1 at 405 nm. Mice were vaxed ((study #T93-0016) atweeks 0, 4, 8, 12 with 10 ug/animal of NTHi P5 from P860295+3DMPL via subcutaneous injection. Endpoint titers represented here are from week 10 bleeds. All pre sera endpoints titered out no greater than 1350. Mouse antibodies were detected with TAGOgoat, anti mouse IgG+IgM conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.
FIG. 5: Provides bactericidal activity of mouse P5 antiserum from P860295 against several different non-typable Haemophilus strains. BC endpoint=reciprocal of the highest dilution producing >50% killing. Mice were vaxed (study #T93-0016) atweeks 0, 4, 8, 12 with 10 ug/animal of NTHi P5 from P860295+3DMPL via subcutaneous injection. BC endpoint titers represented here are from week 10 bleeds. Pre sera were screened and did not show any bactericidal activity.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONOF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention relates to a purified P5 outer membrane protein of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae bacteria. The P5 protein is a 28-35 KDa heat modifiable outer membrane protein with both conserved and variable regions.
P5 protein has several properties that make it (and peptides and proteins having epitopes of P5 protein) especially valuable for vaccination against non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. As used herein, epitope is defined as a region of an antigento which the variable region of an antibody binds. Most antigens have a large number of epitopes, and therefore a polyvalant antiserum to the antigen will contain a large number of different antibodies, each antibody capable of binding to a differentepitope on the antigen. In contrast to reports published in the prior art, P5 protein is capable of eliciting antibodies that react to the bacteria's surface and are bactericidal. The protein has been purified by and has been shown to induce an immuneresponse against different strains of non-typable Haemophilus influenzea.
The peptides or proteins of the present invention bear a common epitope with P5 protein and thus are immunologically crossreactive therewith. They can include fragments or oligopeptides containing epitopes of P5 protein. As used herein,oligopeptides are defined as polymeric chains of a few monomeric repeat units. The amino acid sequence of P5 protein has been determined and is shown in .[.FIG. 2.]. .Iadd.FIGS. 2A and 2B .Iaddend.(SEQ ID NO:1). The peptides and proteins of thepresent invention comprise any peptide or protein having at least a portion of the amino acid sequence depicted in .[.FIG. 2.]. .Iadd.FIGS. 2A and 2B .Iaddend.(SEQ ID NO:1) or any biologically equivalent sequences. Altered sequences include sequencesin which functionally equivalent amino acid residues are substituted for residues within the sequence resulting in a silent change. For example, one or more amino acid residues within the sequence can be substituted for another amino add of a similarpolarity which acts as a functional equivalent, resulting in a silent alteration. Substitutes for an amino acid within the sequence may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs. For example, the nonpolar (hydrophobic)amino acids include glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. The polar neutral amino acids include serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. The charged (basic) aminoacids include arginine, lysine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic and glutamic acid.
The peptides and proteins of the present invention also include fragments or oligopeptides having epitopes of P5 protein represented within the sequence or any analogues of such fragments or epitopes. In addition, any of the peptides andproteins can be modified for conjugation to other molecules, e.g. by the attachment of coupling groups such as the amino acids cysteine and lysine or other linking groups.
As described in detail below. P5 protein and the peptides and proteins of this invention are useful in many different forms. (e.g. alone or in mixtures) in vaccines. For these purposes, the peptides and proteins are produced by isolation fromHaemophilus influenzae or by chemical synthesis, or potentially by biotechnology methods such as recombinant expression in various host cells.
Native P5 protein is purified from Haemophilus influenzae by a procedure of differential detergent extraction. The procedure does not involve the use of denaturants and reducing agents such as sodium dodecylsulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol,respectively, which can destroy important antigenic epitopes of the protein and which are not widely accepted as safe for administration to humans.
The procedure entails first obtaining outer membrane components of Haemophilus influenzae cells. Outer membrane components can be prepared from a total cell membrane fraction. Total membrane fractions are typically prepared by differentialsedimentation after disruption of Haemophilus influenzae cells by methods such as sonication, grinding, or expulsion from a french press or other homogenization device. The total membrane fraction is then fractionated into inner and outer membranes bydensity gradient sedimentation or by differential solubilization of the inner membrane constituents with certain detergents such as polyoxyethyleneoctylphenol (Triton X-100.TM.) or N-lauroyl sarcosine, sodium salt (sarcosyl). In the preferredembodiment, outer cell membrane components are prepared by differential solubilization of inner membranes in 0.1-2%(w/v) Triton X-100 in 100 mM HEPES-NaOH 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, pH 7.4. This extraction is typically performed twice.
As an alternate source of outer membrane components, a culture medium of Haemophilus influenzea cells is useful. The medium contains shed components (called "blebs") of the outer membrane of the bacteria. See Loeb., M. R. (1987) Infection andImmunity 55 (11):2612-2618.
Solubilization of P5 protein from the outer membrane-cell wall complex is then achieved by a three-step differential solubilization. In the first step, an aqueous solution of 0.1-10%, typically 0.1-2% (w.v) dodecylsulfobetaine (Zwittergent.TM. 3-14) is used to remove outer membrane proteins. Preferably, a 1% solution is used and the extraction is usually performed 2-3 times. Following Zwittergent.TM. 3-14 and 0.5M NaCl extractions the P5 protein is solubilized with 1% sarcosyl in 50 mMTris-HCl, pH8, 5 mM Na.sub.2 EDTA. The extracts are adjusted to 1% Zwittergent.TM. 3-14 in the same buffer and dialyzed against 10 fold excess of 1% Zwittergent.TM. 3-14 in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH8, 5 mM Na.sub.2 EDTA (3.times.) over 24 hours. Thedialyzed extract is then passed through an anion exchange (DEAE) column and a cation exchange (S) column connected in tandem. The columns are separated and the S column is eluted with an increasing salt gradient in the same Zwittergent containingbuffer, the purified P5 protein is eluted as a single peak as analyzed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 1).
P5 protein purified by this method is substantially free of bacterial endotoxin and is suitable for administration to humanbeings. The purified preparation of P5 protein is then formulated alone as a pharmaceutical composition, as for example avaccine for Haemophilus influenzae, or in a mixture with adjuvants and/or with antigens of other organisms implicated in otitis media of other diseases. If desired, the protein is fragmented by standard chemical or enzymatic techniques to produceantigenic segments.
The peptides and proteins of this invention can be chemically synthesized according to the amino acid sequence shown in .[.FIG. 2.]. .Iadd.FIGS. 2A and 2B .Iaddend.(SEQ ID NO:1) or variations of this sequence as described above. Any of thestandard chemistries for solid or liquid phase synthesis of peptides and proteins are useful. Chemical synthesis may be particularly suitable for production of oligopeptides containing epitopes of P5 protein.
Experience with antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae shows that the ability of the antibodies to kill the bacteria in in vitro assays is closely correlated with the ability to elicit a protective immune response inhuman infants (Fedea et al., J. Infect. Dis., 160, 999-1004 (1989)).
Anti-P5 protein antibodies elicited in response to the peptides and proteins of this invention are tested using similar in vitro assay systems to demonstrate the ability to kill Haemophilus influenzae cells. These results show a similarcorrelation with the potential of the P5 protein to elicit a protective immune response and to serve in a vaccine for human infants, children and adults.
An in vitro complement mediated bactericidal assay system (Musher et al., 1983, Infect. Immun. 39:297-304; Anderson et al., 1972, J. Clin, Invest. 51:31-38) which has been used previously for measuring bactericidal activity of antibodies toPRP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) against Haemophilus influenzae is useful to determine whether antibody directed against a particular peptide protein or fragment thereof has bactericidal activity against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.
The peptides and proteins of the present invention are useful as immunogens in subunit vaccines for vaccination against nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. The vaccines are useful to prevent or reduce susceptibility to acute otitis media andother diseases caused by nontypable strains of the organism, generally to vaccinate children or adults against otitis media or to children at risk of contracting otitis media or other diseases (for example, children with a history of ear infection).
The peptides and proteins of this invention are formulated as univalent and multivalent vaccines. As used herein univalent vaccines are defined as single component and multivalent vaccines are defined as multi-component.
P5 protein itself is used as produced or isolated by the methods described above or mixed, with other antigens.
The peptides or proteins of this invention are administered as multivalent subunit vaccines in combination with other antigens of Haemophilus influenzae.
As mentioned, peptides and proteins having epitopes of P5 protein evoke bactericidal antibodies which act synergistically in killing Haemophilus influenzae with antibodies against other outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae. Thus, inan embodiment of the invention, P5 protein (or a peptide or protein having a common epitope) is administered in conjunction with other outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae (or peptides or proteins having epitopes thereof) to achieve asynergistic bactericidal activity. Particularly preferred outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae are the peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein (PAL) and the Haemophilus lipoprotein PAL cross-reacting protein (PCP) described byDeich. P. A. et al. (1988) J. Bacteriol. 170(2): 489-498, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. For combined administration with epitopes of other outer membrane proteins, the P5 protein .Iadd.or .Iaddend.peptide is eitheradministered separately, as a mixture or as a conjugate or genetic fusion peptide or protein. For example, the PAL and PCP or any proteins, peptides or epitopes derived from them, is administered as a mixture or as a conjugate or fusion with a P5protein or a P5 protein derived peptide or protein. The conjugates is formed by standard techniques for coupling proteinaceous materials. P5 protein or any derived peptides or proteins can be used in conjunction with antigens of other organisms (e.g.encapsulated or nonencapsulated, bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites). For example, P5 protein is useful in conjunction with antigens of other microorganisms implicated in otitis media or other diseases. These included Streptococcus pneumonia,Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, Staphylococus aureus, respiratory syncytial virus and Branhemella catarrhalis.
In formulating the vaccine compositions with the peptide or protein, alone or in the various combinations described, the immunogen is adjusted to an appropriate concentration and formulated with any suitable vaccine adjuvant. The immunogen mayalso be incorporated into liposomes, or conjugated to polysaccharides and/or other polymers for use in a vaccine formulation.
Vaccines of the present invention are administered to humanbeings or animals in a variety of ways. These include intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral and intranasal routes of administration.
The peptide and proteins of this invention is also administered as a live vaccine. To this end, recombinant microorganisms are prepared that express the peptides or proteins. The vaccine recipient is inoculated with the recombinantmicroorganism which multiplies in the recipient, expresses the P5 protein peptide or protein and evokes a immune response of Haemophilus influenzae. Preferred live vaccine vectors are pox viruses such as vaccinia (Paoletti and Panicali. U.S. Pat. No.4,603,112) and attenuated Salmonella strains (Stocker, U.S. Pat. No. 4,550.081).
Live vaccines are particularly advantageous because they lead to a prolonged stimulus which can confer substantially long-lasting immunity. When the immune response is protective against subsequent Haemophilus influenzae infection, the livevaccine itself may be used in a preventative vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae.
Multivalent five vaccines are prepared from a single or a few recombinant microorganisms which express different epitopes of Haemophilus influenzae (e.g., other outer membrane proteins such as PAL and PCP or epitopes thereof). In addition,epitopes of other pathogenic microorganisms can be incorporated into the vaccine. For example, a vaccinia virus can be engineered to contain coding sequences for other epitopes in addition to those of Haemophilus influenzae. Such a recombinant virusitself can be used as the immunogen in a multivalent vaccine. Alternatively, a mixture of vaccinia or other viruses, each expressing a different gene encoding for different epitopes of outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae and/or epitopes ofother disease causing organisms can be formulated as a multivalent vaccine.
Another vaccine of the present invention is an inactivated virus vaccine. Inactivated vaccines are "dead" in the sense that their infectivity has been destroyed, usually by chemical treatment (e.g., formaldehyde treatment). Ideally, theinfectivity of the virus is destroyed without affecting the proteins which carry the immunogenicity of the virus. In order to prepare inactivated vaccines, large quantities of the recombinant virus expressing the desired epitopes are grown in culture toprovide the necessary quantity of relevant antigens. A mixture of inactivated viruses expressing different epitopes is useful for the formulation of "multivalent" vaccines. In certain instances, these "multivalent" inactivated vaccines are preferableto live vaccine formulation because of potential difficulties arising from mutual interference of live viruses administered together. In either case, the inactivated virus or mixture of viruses is formulated in a suitable adjuvant in order to enhancethe immunological response to the antigens. Suitable adjuvants include: surface active substances, e.g., hexadecylamine, octadecyl amino acid esters, octadecylamine, lysolecithin, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, N, N-dicoctadecyl-N'-N'bis(2-hydroxyethyl-propane diamine), methoxyhexadecylglycerol, and pluronic polyols; polyamines, e.g., pyran, dextransulfate, poly IC, carbopol; peptides, e.g., muramyl dipeptide, dimethylglycine, tuftsin; oil emulsions; and mineral gels, e.g., aluminumhydroxide, aluminum phosphate, etc.
The peptides and proteins of the present invention also are useful to produce polyclonal antibodies for use in passive immunotherapy against Haemophilus influenzae. Human immunoglobulin is preferred because heterologous immunoglobulun mayprovoke a deleterious immune response to its foreign immunogenic components. Polycolonal antisera is obtained from individuals immunized with the peptides or proteins in any of the forms described. Immunoglobulin fraction is then enriched. Forexample, immunoglobulins specific for epitopes of P5 protein are enriched by immunoaffinity techniques employing the peptides or proteins of this invention. The antibody is specifically absorbed from antisera onto an immunoadsorbent containing epitopesof P5 protein and then eluted from the immunoadsorbent as an enriched fraction of immunoglobulin.
In addition, nucleic acids having the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding P5 protein or any nucleotide sequences which hybridize therewith can be used as probes in nucleic acid hybridization assays for the detection of Haemophilus influenzaein various tissues or body fluids of patients. The probes may be used in any nucleic .[.any.]. .Iadd.acid .Iaddend.type of hybridization assay including: Southern blots (Southern. 1975. J. Mol. Biol. 98:508); Northern blots (Thomas et al., 1989Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 77:5201-05); colony blots (Grunstein et al., 1975, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 72:3961-65), etc. Stringency of hybridization can be varied depending on the requirements of the assay.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Purification of P5
Protein extracts of P5 are obtained from both NTHi and Hib strains by differential detergent extraction of outer membranes. Following Zwittergent octylglucoside 3-14 and Zwittergent 3-14 and 0.5M NaCl extractions the P5 protein is solubilizedwith 1% sarcosyl in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH8, 5 mM Na.sub.2 EDTA. The extracts are adjusted to 1% Zwittergent.TM. 3-14 in the same buffer and dialyzed against 10 fold excess of 1% Zwittergent.TM. 3-14 in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH8, 5 mM Na.sub.2 EDTA (3.times.)over 24 hours. The dialyzed extract is then passed through an anion exchange (DEAE) column and a cation exchange (S) column connected in tandem. The columns are separated and the S column is eluted with an increasing salt gradient in the sameZwittergent containing buffer. The purified P5 protein is eluted as a single peak as analyzed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 1).
EXAMPLE 2
Protease Digestion, Peptide Isolation, and Protein Sequencing
Purified NTHi P5 and Hib P5 are used directly to determine the amino acid sequence .[.(FIG. 2).]. .Iadd.(FIGS. 2A and 2B).Iaddend. (SEQ ID NO:1). Total sequence of the NTHi Protein (SEQ ID NO:1) is determined by obtaining overlapping peptidesby protease digestion with several proteases including endopeptidases Lys-C. Arg-C, Glu-C, papain, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Cyanogen bromide also is used to cleave the protein, at methionine residues to create large fragments. The peptides areisolated using a microbore High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and the sequences determined with a protein seqencor. Alignment of the peptides utilizes overlapping peptides and homology to the E. coli OmpA protein .[.(FIG. 2).]. .Iadd.(FIGS. 2Aand 2B).Iaddend..
EXAMPLE 3
Whole Cell Elisa Assay
Whole formalin fixed Haemophilus Influenzae cells from several different strains are prepared from mid-log phase cells grown to OD.sub.490 =1.0 in BHI-XV media. Cells are washed twice in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (7 mM NaHPO4-7H20, 2 mMKH2PO4, 2 mM CK1, 137 mM NaCl pH7.4) then resuspended in PBS with 0.3% formalin and incubated at room temperature for 1-2 hours. Formalin is removed by washing cells in PBS and resuspending cells in PBS to a final concentration OD.sub.620 =0.2. Seventy-five microliters of cells are then added to the wells of microtiter plates and dried overnight at 37.degree. C. Plates are blocked with PBS-0.1% Tween-20 for one hour and washed in a microplate washer. One Hundred microliters of antiserumdiluted in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.15 mM CaCl.sub.2, 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1% gelatin and 0.3% Tween-20 (PCM-GT) are added to the wells and plates are incubated at 37.degree. C. for two hours. After washing, bound antibodies were detectedwith goat anti-mouse (IgG+IgM) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (TAGO) diluted in PBS 0.05% Tween-20, 0.1% gelatin for one hour at 37.degree. C. Cells are again washed and plates were developed with a 1 mg/ml solution of p-nitrophenyl phosphate(SIGMA) in diethanolamine for thirty minutes. The reaction is quenched following the addition of 3N NaOH. The plates are read on a reader at OD.sub.450, reference OD.sub.620. Whole cell ELISA data for rabbit and mouse anti-P5 serum are shown in FIGS.3 and 4 respectively.
EXAMPLE 4
Bactericidal Assay
Cells from several different Haemophilus influenzae strains are grown overnight in BHI-XV media. The following day fresh cultures are prepared from a 1:10 dilution of overnight stock and grown to OD490=1.0. During cell growth, a complementsource, pre-colostral calf serum is preadsorbed with P860295 cells for one hour. Cells are then pelleted away from complement and preadsorbed complement is sterile filtered though a 0.2 um filter unit and stored on ice prior to use. All antiserumscreened in this assay is heat inactivated at 56.degree. C. for fifteen minutes to remove complement activity and diluted 1:5 in PCM followed by subsequent two fold dilutions which are prepared in a sterile 96 well microtiter plates. The bacterialcells grown to an OD410=1.0 are diluted 1:100.000 in PCM containing the complement source at a dilution of 1:5. Fifteen microliters of this mixture is added to the serial dilutions of antiserum and plates were allowed to incubate for forty-five minutesat 37.degree. C. Following this, ten microliters of each reaction are plated on BHI-XV. After overnight incubation at 37.degree. C., colonies are counted to determine bactericidal titers (the reciprocal of the highest dilution of antiserum capable ofkilling greater than 50% of bacteria as compared to preimmune sera controls). The bactericidal data with respect to P5 is represented in FIG. 5.
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