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Curable compositions |
| RE31543 |
Curable compositions
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| Patent Drawings: | |
| Inventor: |
Bank, et al. |
| Date Issued: |
March 27, 1984 |
| Application: |
06/423,752 |
| Filed: |
September 27, 1982 |
| Inventors: |
Bank; Howard M. (Freeland, MI)
Michael; Keith W. (Midland, MI)
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| Assignee: |
Dow Corning Corporation (Midland, MI) |
| Primary Examiner: |
Jacobs; Lewis T. |
| Assistant Examiner: |
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| Attorney Or Agent: |
Spector; Robert |
| U.S. Class: |
523/435; 523/466; 524/863; 528/16 |
| Field Of Search: |
524/588; 524/863; 528/16; 523/435 |
| International Class: |
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| U.S Patent Documents: |
3154597; 3205197; 3368893; 3779988; 4332923; 4354013 |
| Foreign Patent Documents: |
864697 |
| Other References: |
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| Abstract: |
Certain aluminum compounds, such as aluminum alkoxides, chelates and acylates, catalyst the reaction of .tbd.SiOH with ##STR1## to yield compositions containing ##STR2## linkages. |
| Claim: |
That which is claimed is:
1. A method of preparing compositions containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds comprising reacting under substantially anhydrous conditions
A. an organosilicon compound containing at least one .tbd.SiOH group with
B. a compound containing at least one epoxy group, .Iadd.no hydroxyl groups and selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and hetrocyclic epoxy reactants, silylated epoxides and polyglycidyl ethers of novalac condensationproducts, .Iaddend.said reaction being carried out in the presence of a catalytic amount of
C. an aluminum compound selected from the group consisting of
a. Al(OR).sub.3 in which R is either a hydrogen atom or .Iadd.is .Iaddend.selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals contaning from 1 to 20 inclusive carbon atoms or aryl and aryl-containing hydrocarbon radicals containing from 6 to 24inclusive carbon atoms; ##STR34## in which R is as previously defined, R' is selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom, alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms and aryl or aryl-containing radicals of at least 6 carbonatoms, n having a value of from 0 to 2 and condensates of such compounds;
c. aluminum salts of the formula
in which R is as previously defined;
d. aluminosiloxy compounds of the formula
in which R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of --OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR35## radicals in which R' is as defined, monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, andsiloxane moieties of the formula ##STR36## in which R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR37## radicals in which R' is as defined and monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, and a has a value of from 1 to 3; the remaining aluminum valences being satisfied by --OAl.dbd., --OR ##STR38## or --OSIR.sub.3.sup.2 bonding, R, R' and R.sup.2 being as previously defined; and
e. aluminum chelates formed by reacting compounds (a), (b) or (c) with sequestering agents in which the coordinating atoms are oxygen.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein (A) is a hydroxyl-functional organopolysiloxane.
3. A method in accordance with claim 2 wherein (A) is of the formula ##EQU3## in which R.sup.4 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals of from 1 to 6 inclusive carbon atoms and the phenyl radical; R.sup.5 is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 6 inclusive carbon atoms; a is an integer having a value of 1 or 2; b having a value of 0 or 1, the sum of a+b being no more than 2; c is an integer having a value of 1 or 2, d is an integer having a value offrom 1 to 3; e having a value of 0 to 2, the sum of d+e being no more than 3; x having a value of at least 1 and y having a value of 0 or more.
4. A method in accordance with claim 3 wherein the organopolysiloxane has from 1.0 to 1.7 R.sup.4 substituents per silicon atom and contains at least 2 weight percent silanol groups.
5. A method in accordance with claim 2 wherein (B) is a polyepoxide.
6. A method in accordance with claim 5 wherein the polyepoxide (B) is a cycloaliphatic polyepoxide. .[.7. A method in accordance with claim 5 wherein the polyepoxide (B) is obtained by the reaction of polyhydric phenols with polyfunctionalhalohydrins..]. .[.8. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein the polyepoxide (B) is obtained by the reaction of
polyhydric phenols with epichlorohydrin..]. 9. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aluminum compound is of the formula
Al(OR).sub.3 10. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aluminum compound is of the formula ##STR39##
11. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aluminum compound is
an aluminum chelate. 12. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aluminum compound is an aluminosiloxy compound of the formula
.tbd.AlOSiR.sub.3.sup.2 13. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the aluminum catalyst is present in an amount in the range of from 0.05 to 5
weight percent based on the total weight of (A)+(B). 14. A substantially anhydrous composition comprising
A. an organosilicon compound containing at least one silicon-bonded hydroxyl group;
B. a compound containing at least one epoxy group.Iadd., no hydroxyl groups and selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and hetrocyclic epoxy reactants, silylated epoxides and polyglycidyl ethers of novalac condensationproducts.Iaddend.;
C. a catalytic amount of an aluminum compound selected from the group consisting of
a. Al(OR).sub.3 in which R is either a hydrogen atom or selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 20 inclusive carbon atoms or aryl and aryl-containing hydrocarbon radicals containing from 6 to 24 inclusive carbonatoms; ##STR40## in which R is as previously defined, R' is selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom, alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms and aryl or aryl-containing radicals of at least 6 carbon atoms, n havinga value of from 0 to 2 and condensates of such compounds;
c. aluminum salts of the formula
in which R is as previously defined;
d. aluminosiloxy compounds of the formula
in which R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of --OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR41## radicals in which R' is as defined monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, andsiloxane moieties of the formula ##STR42## in which R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR43## radicals in which R' is as defined and monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, and a has a value of from 1 to 3; the remaining aluminum valences being satisfied by --OAl.dbd., --OR, ##STR44## or --OSiR.sub.3.sup.2 bonding, R,R' and R.sup.2 being as previously defined; and
e. aluminum chelates formed by reacting compounds .[.(a), (b) or (c).]. .Iadd.(A), (B), or (C) .Iaddend.with sequestering agents in which the coordinating atom is oxygen, said organosilicon compond (A) being present in an amount sufficient toprovide at least 0.1 .tbd.SiOH group per epoxy
group present in (B). 15. A composition in accordance with claim 14
wherein compound (B) is a polyepoxide. 16. A composition in accordance with claim 15 wherein component (A) is a hydroxy-functional organopolysiloxane of the formula ##EQU4## in which R.sup.4 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl radicals of from 1 to 6 inclusive carbon atoms and the phenyl radical; R.sup.5 is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 6 inclusive carbon atoms; a is an integer having a value of 1 or 2; b having a value of 0 or 1, the sum ofa+b being no more than 2; c is an integer having a value of 1 or 2, d is an integer having a value of from 1 to 3; e having a value of 0 to 2, the sum of d+e being no more than 3; x having a
value of at least 1 and y having a value of 0 or more. 17. A composition in accordance with claim 16 wherein the organopolysiloxane (A) is present in an amount sufficient to provide from 0.5 to 1.5 .dbd.SiOH per epoxy
group present in (B). 18. A composition in accordance with claim 16 wherein said organopolysiloxane is a phenylpolysiloxane resin having a degree of substitution of from 1.0 to 1.7; a phenyl to silicon ratio of 0.2 to 1.5 and a silicon-bondedhydroxy content of from 2.5 to 10 weight
percent. 19. A composition in accordance with claim 18 wherein the polyepoxide .[.(b).]. .Iadd.(B) .Iaddend.is selected from the group consisting of the glycidyl ethers of polyphenols and cycloaliphatic
polyepoxides. 20. A composition in accordance with claim 19 wherein the phenylpolysiloxane resin is of the formula ##EQU5## in which R is an alkyl of from 1 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms, a has an average value of from 1.0 to 1.7, the phenyl tosilicon ratio being in the range of 0.2 to 1.5, the silicon-bonded hydroxyl content of said resin
being in the range of 2.5 to 7.5 weight percent. 21. A composition in
accordance with claim 19 containing a solid filler. 22. A composition in accordance with claim 21 wherein the filler is present in an amount in the range of 30 to 90 weight percent based on the total weight of the
composition. 23. A composition in accordance with claim 22 wherein the
filler includes granular fused silica and glass fibers. 24. A composition in accordance with claim 20 wherein the aluminum catalyst (C) is an aluminum acylate of the formula ##STR45##
25. A composition in accordance with claim 24 comprising A. from 10 to 60 weight percent of the phenyl polysiloxane resin
B. from 49 to 90 weight percent of the polyepoxide
C. from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the combined weight of (A) and
(B) of aluminum acylate catalyst. 26. A composition in accordance with claim 25 wherein the polyepoxide is an epoxy functional cresol novalac resin. .[.27. A composition in accordance with claim 25 wherein the
polyepoxide is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A..]. 28. A composition in accordance with claim 25 wherein the polyepoxide is a cycloaliphatic
polyepoxide having an epoxide equivalent of more than 65. 29. A composition in accordance with claim 25 wherein the aluminum acylate (C) is selected from the group consisting of aluminum stearates and aluminum
benzoates. 30. A cured composition in accordance with claim 15. 31. A composition in accordance with claim 14 wherein the aluminum compound is of the formula
Al(OR).sub.3 32. A composition in accordance with claim 14 in which the aluminum compound is of the formula ##STR46##
33. A composition in accordance with claim 14 wherein the aluminum compound is of the formula
H.sup.+ Al.sup.- (OR).sub.4 34. A composition in accordance with claim 14 wherein the aluminum compound is of the formula
.tbd.AlOSiR.sub.3.sup.2 35. A composition in accordance with claim 14
wherein the aluminum compound is an aluminum chelate. 36. A composition in accordance with claim 14 wherein at least a portion of the epoxide comprise a brominated epoxy compound. |
| Description: |
The present invention relates to an improved process for reacting silanols with epoxy groups to form .tbd.SiOC.tbd. bonds. In one aspect the invention relates to novel curable compositions. In another aspect the invention relates to improvedmolding compounds.
The condensation products of silicones and epoxide resins are well known. These silicone-epoxide resins are prepared by reacting epoxide resins which contain hydroxyl groups with silanol (.tbd.SiOH) groups present in the silicone to formcopolymers via hydroxy condensation. Exemplary cocondensates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,055,858 and 3,170,962. The reaction of .tbd.SiOH with epoxy groups via ring-opening of the epoxide to form .tbd.SiOC.tbd. bonds is also known--see U.S. Pat. No. 2,843,560. Other references, such as U.S. Pat. No. 2,819,245, propose a variety of organo functional silicon compounds for reaction with epoxide groups. Generally the prior art recognizes the desirability of combining or copolymerizingepoxy resins with silicone resins to obtain a material having improved properties, such as better antichalking in coatings or humidity resistance in electrical insulation.
The .tbd.SiOH reaction with epoxy groups via ring-opening does not proceed at any appreciable rate under the influence of heat alone. Previously such reactants have been heated--see U.S. Pat. No. 2,843,560--and it is surmised that the productsobtained upon heating were principally siloxanes (.tbd.SiOSi.tbd.) as formed by silanol condensation. An aluminum compound, polyaluminophenylsiloxane, was utilized by Petrashko and Andrianov (see Plasticichoshio Massy, 1964 (11) 264; 30 RAPRA trans.) toform coordination links between siloxanes and epoxies but polymerization and covalent bonding of the reactants did not occur. Thus, it is surprising that the silicone-epoxy compositions of the present invention coreact in the presence of certaincatalytic aluminum compounds to yield products having utility in powder coatings, adhesives, laminating resins and molding compounds.
It is an object of the present invention to provide novel silicone-epoxy compositions.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method of reacting certain silicones with epoxy-functional compounds and polymers.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved molding compound.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description and appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method of preparing organosilicon compounds containing a silicon-oxygen-carbon linkage comprising reacting under substantially anhydrous conditions an organosilicon compound containingat least one.tbd.SiOH group with an organic compound containing at least one epoxy group, .Iadd.no hydroxyl groups and selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and hetrocyclic epoxy reactants, silylated epoxides and polyglycidylethers of novolac condensation products, .Iaddend. the reaction being carried out in the presence of a catalytic amount of an aluminum compound selected from the group consisting of (a) Al(OR).sub.3 in which R is either a hydrogen atom or selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 20 inclusive carbon atoms or aryl and aryl-containing hydrocarbon radicals containing from 6 to 24 inclusive carbon atoms) (b) ##STR3## in which R is as previously defined, R' is selected fromthe group consisting of the hydrogen atom, alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms and aryl or aryl-containing radicals of at least 6 carbon atoms, n having a value of from 0 to 2 and condensates of such compounds; (c) aluminumsalts of the formula
in which R is as previously defined; (d) aluminosiloxy compounds of the formula
in which R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of --OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR4## radicals in which R' is as defined, monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, andsiloxane moieties of the formula ##STR5## in which R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR6## radicals in which R' is as defined and monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from 1to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, and a has a value of from 1 to 3; the remaining aluminum valences being satisfied by --OAl.dbd., --OR, ##STR7## or --OSiR.sub.3.sup.2 bonding, R,R' and R.sup.2 being as previously defined; and (e) aluminum chelates formed byreacting compounds (a), (b) or (c) with sequestering agents in which the coordinating atoms are oxygen.
The above-described method is believed to rely upon the mechanism of ring-opening of the epoxy group and reaction with .tbd.SiOH to provide ##STR8## linkages in the product. The reaction is initiated in the presence of the listed aluminumcatalysts. Of course the rate of reaction will depend upon temperature, the particular organosilicon and epoxy reactants utilized and the degree of activity of the specific aluminum catalyst and amount of catalyst present. The reaction rate can bereadily followed by periodically determining consumption of epoxy groups via titration.
Any silicon compound containing at least one silicon-bonded hydroxyl group per molecule can be used in the practice of the present invention. The silanol-functional reactant can be monomeric or polymeric. Thus, the operable organosiliconcompositions include silanes, organopolysiloxanes characterized by .tbd.SiOSi.tbd. units, silcarbanes characterized for example by an .tbd.SiCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Si.tbd. or .tbd. SiC.sub.6 H.sub.4 Si.tbd. type structure; and polymers containing bothsilcarbane and siloxane structures. The term "polymer" as used herein is intended to include dimers, homopolymers or copolymers having siloxane or silcarbane linkages. Inherent in the use of "organosilicon" is the fact that at least one silicon atom inthe compound or polymer contains an organic substituent bonded to the silicon atom by means of a silicon-carbon bond.
The monomeric organosilanes can be represented by the formula (R.sup.4).sub.a' (A).sub.b' Si(OH).sub.4-a'-b' in which R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of monovalent hydrocarbon radicals and monovalent halogenated hydrocarbon radicalsof no more than 30 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 being bonded to the silicon atom by a silicon-carbon bond; A is selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom and hydrolyzable radicals of the formula OZ, a' is an integer having a value of from 1 to 3and b' is an integer having a value of 0 to 2, the sum of a'+b' being no more than 3. Thus, the silanes include R.sub.3.sup.4 SiOH, R.sub.2.sup.4 (A)SiOH, R.sup.4 (A).sub.2 SiOH, (R.sup.4).sub.2 Si(OH).sub.2, R.sup.4 ASi(OH).sub.2 and R.sup.4Si(OH).sub.3.
Exemplary of the R.sup.4 substituents are any monovalent hydrocarbon radical such as alkyl radicals, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 3-methylheptyl,6-butyloctadecyl, tertiary butyl, myricyl and 2,2-diethylpentyl; alkenyl radicals such as, vinyl, allyl, hexenyl, butenyl, 3-octenyl, 4,9-octadecadienyl and 4-nonenyl; alkynyl radicals such as propynyl, heptynyl, butynyl, decynyl; alkenynyl radicals suchas -penten-3-ynyl, 2-ethyl-1-buten-3-ynyl; cycloaliphatic radicals such as, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, propylcyclohexyl, 2,4-dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, tricyclo[3.2.1.1.sup.3.8 ]-5-nonenyl,spiro[4.5]decyl, dispiro4.1.4.2]-1-tridecenyl, decahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydroindyl- and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl aryl radicals such as, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, 2-ethylphenyl, xenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, pentacenyl, 3,4-methylethylphenyl, 9,9'-bifluoryland 4-m-terphenyl; and aralkyl radicals such as 2-phenyl-octyl, 3-methyl-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)hepthyl, benzyl, 2-ethyltolyl, 2-ethyl-p-cymyl, diphenylmethyl, 4,5-diphenylpentyl, 2-phenylethyl and 2-phenylpropyl and haloalkyl radicals such aschloromethyl, 3-chloropropyl, bromooctadecyl, 3,3,3-trichloropropyl, chloroisopropyl or 2(perfluoroalkyl)ethyl radicals in which the perfluoroalkyl radical is trifluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perfluoroisobutyl or perfluorooctadecyl; halocycloalkylradicals such as bromocyclohexyl, chlorocyclopentyl or fluorocyclohexyl; haloaryl radicals such as 2,4-dichlorophenyl, dibromoxenyl, alpha, alpha, alphatrifluorotolyl, iodonaphthyl and tetrachlorophenyl and haloaralkyl radicals such as2(chlorophenyl)ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl or 2(bromophenyl)propyl.
In addition to the hydrogen atom, A can be a hydrolyzable group of the formula --OZ in which Z is any hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon group such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, octadecyl, allyl, hexenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl,beta-phenylethyl, 2-chloroethyl, chlorophenyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl or bromocyclohexyl; any hydrocarbon ether radical such as 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyisopropyl, 2-butoxyisobutyl, p-methoxyphenyl or --(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.2 CH.sub.3 ; or any acylradical such as acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl, cyclohexoyl, acrylyl, methacrylyl, stearyl, naphthoyl, trifluoroacetyl, chlorobenzoyl or bromopropionyl. The preferred --OZ groups are those in which Z is an alkyl radical of 1 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms. The term "hydrolyzable group" means a group attached to the silicon which is hydrolyzed by water at room temperature to form silanol groups.
These hydroxy-functional silanes are known monomers which can be prepared by hydrolysis or partial hydrolysis of the corresponding hydrolyzable silanes. Those silanes in which R.sup.4 is a lower alkyl (no more than 6 carbon atoms) or a phenylradical are preferred. Exemplary silanes include (CH.sub.3).sub.3 SiOH, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (C.sub.2 H.sub.5)Si(OH).sub.2, CH.sub.3 (C.sub.6 H.sub.4 Cl).sub.2 SiOH, ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 SiOH, CH.sub.3 (C.sub.3 H.sub.7 O)C.sub.6H.sub.5 SiOH, CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 (CH.sub.3)Si(OH).sub.2 and C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.3 O)SiOH.
Hydroxyl-functional organopolysiloxanes can be represented by the formula ##EQU1## in which R.sup.4 and Z are as previously defined, a is an integer having a value of 1 or 2, b having a value of 0 or 1, the sum of a+b being no more than 2, chaving a value of 1 or 2, d having a value of from 1 to 3, e having a value of from 0 to 2, the sum of d+e being no more than 3, x having a value of at least 1, y having a value of 0 or more.
The hydroxylated polymer can be in the form of a liquid, a high gum or a resin. In those polymers of higher molecular weight (wherein y has a substantial value, for example 100 or more) it is preferred that the hydroxyl content be at least twoweight percent of the polymer. As was the case with the monomeric silane, it is preferred that the R.sup.4 substituents of the polymer be lower alkyl radicals of from 1 to 6 inclusive carbon atoms or the phenyl radical. It is also preferred that b ande both be very low in value; i.e., that the polymer be substantially fully hydroxylated rather than containing significant residual alkoxy groups.
Examples of the preferred siloxane units include (CH.sub.3).sub.2 (HO)SiO.sub.1 /.sub.2, (CH.sub.3).sub.2 SiO, CH.sub.3 (C.sub.6 H.sub.5)(HO)SiO.sub.1 /.sub.2, CH.sub.3 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2, CH.sub.3 (C.sub.6 H.sub.5)SiO, C.sub.3 H.sub.7(CH.sub.3)SiO, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (OH)SiO, (C.sub.6 H.sub.5).sub.2 SiO and C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 SiO.sub.1 /.sub.2. Minor amounts of SiO.sub.2 units may be present in the polymers.The organopolysiloxanes are well-known and are prepared bytechniques described in the prior art. For example, preferred resinous polymers having from 1.0 to about 1.8 organic substituents per silicon atom are readily prepared by hydrolyzing the corresponding organochlorosilanes with further condensation of thehydroxyl substituents to form .tbd.SiOSi.tbd. with some residual hydroxyl present. As will be described herein such resinous polymers are particularly suitable for use in molding compounds.
Hydroxyl-functional silcarbanes are also useful in the practice of the invention. As is well-known, the silcarbanes are formed with divalent hydrocarbon bridges between silicon atoms. The divalent bridging hydrocarbon radicals may containsingly or in any combination groups such as methylene, vinylene, vinylidene, phenylene, cyclohexylidene, tolylene and toluenyl. The hydroxy-functional silcarbanes can be represented as ##STR9## wherein D is a divalent hydrocarbon radical and theremaining valences are satisfied by other D radicals, the hydroxy group, R.sup.4 radicals or --OSi.tbd. units.
The silanol-functional compounds are reacted with compounds containing at least one epoxide group, i.e. the oxirane ring ##STR10## in their structure .Iadd.and no unreacted hydroxyl groups.Iaddend.. The epoxy reactant may be saturated orunsaturated, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic.[., aromatic.]. or heterocyclic and may contain substituents such as ether groups and the like. The reactant may be a monomer or an epoxy-functional polymer, and in either the form of a liquid or a solid resin.
The simple monomeric epoxy reactants include cyclohexene oxide and derivatives thereof, styrene oxide and glycidyl ethers. Examplary of the glycidyl ethers are methyl glycidyl ether, ethyl glycidyl ether, propyl glycidyl ether.[., phenylglycidyl ether.]. and allyl glycidyl ether. Polyepoxides, for example, diepoxides; vinyl cyclohexene dioxide; butadiene dioxide; .[.1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene; 4,4'-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)diphenyl ether,.]. 1,8-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)octane;1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)cyclohexane, the diglycidyl ether of polyethylene glycol, the diglycidyl ether of polypropylene glycol, isoprene diepoxide, bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl)adipate are preferred for use in the described method because oftheir utility as curable compositions.
.[.The more complex epoxy reactants include well-known polyfunctional resins such as obtained by reaction of polyhydric phenols with either polyfunctional halohydrins or polyepoxides or mixtures thereof. Illustrative of polyhydric phenolsutilized in making such resins are mononuclear phenols, such as resorcinol, hydroquinone and catechol, or polynuclear phenols, such as bis-phenol(p,p'-dihydroxy diphenyl dimethyl methane), p,p'-dihydroxybenzophenone; p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl;p,p'-dihydroxy dibenzyl; bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone; 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphthyl methane; polyhydroxy naphthalenes and anthracenes; o,p,o',p'-tetrahydroxy diphenyl dimethyl methane and other dihydroxy or polyhydroxy dipheny or dinaphthyl methanes..]. Suitable polyepoxide reactants are listed above and others are well-known--see U.S. Pat. No. 3,170,962 for a further listing of such polyepoxides and U.S. Pat. No. 2,592,560 for a description of reaction conditions used to synthesize the resins. .[.When reacting polyhydric phenols with halogen compounds any of the epihalohydrins may be utilized. Examples of suitable halohydrins include 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin), 1-bromo-2,3-epoxypropane, 1-fluoro-2,3-epoxypropane,bis(3-chloro,2-hydroxy propyl)ether, 1,4-dichloro-2,3-dihydroxy butane, 2-methyl-2-hydroxy-1,3-dichloropropane, bis-(3-chloro,2-methyl,2-hydroxy propyl)ether and other dichlorohydrins derived from aliphatic olefins, mannitol, sorbitol and other alcohols. The proportions of reactants as well as reaction conditions involved in the polyhydric phenol epihalohydrin synthesis are well-known and are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,615,007 and 2,615,008. Of course, these polyepoxide resins maycontain unreacted hydroxyl groups..].
One class of preferred resins are the cycloaliphatic polyepoxide monomers or prepolymers which contain at least one 5- or 6-membered ring (or heterocyclic ring with equivalent properties) which is substituted with the epoxide-functional group. In the polycyclic cycloaliphatic epoxides, the two rings are preferably independent, being joined by a bridging radical at least one ester or ether linkage. A plurality of ester or ether linkages can alter the flexibility of the cured product. Examplesof commercially available cycloaliphatic resins include ##STR11## Further examples of cycloaliphatic epoxide compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,117,099.
Silylated epoxides are also useful in the practice of the invention. Monoepoxides, such as ##STR12## and ##STR13## are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,445,877. Silylated polyepoxides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,223,577 and 3,516,965.
As was described above, the silanol-functional compound is reacted with the epoxide in the presence of an aluminum catalyst. The aluminum catalysts are selected from the group consisting of (a) Al(OR).sub.3 in which R is either a hydrogen atomor selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 20 inclusive carbon atoms or aryl and aryl-containing hydrocarbon radicals containing from 6 to 24 inclusive carbon atoms; (b) ##STR14## in which R is as previously defined, R'is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms and aryl or aryl-containing radicals of at least 6 carbon atoms, n having a value of from 0 to 2 and condensates of those compounds inwhich n has a value of 1 or 2; (c) aluminum salts of the formula
in which R is as previously defined; (d) aluminosiloxy compounds of the formula
in which R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of --OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR15## radicals in which R' is as defined, monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, andsiloxane moieties of the formula ##STR16## in which R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of OR radicals in which R is as defined, ##STR17## radicals in which R' is as defined and monovalent hydrocarbon or halohydrocarbon radicals containing from1 to 30 inclusive carbon atoms, and a has a value of from 1 to 3; the remaining aluminum valences being satisfied by --OAl.dbd., --OR, ##STR18## or --OSiR.sub.3.sup.2 bonding, R,R' and R.sup.2 being as previously defined; and (e) aluminum chelates formedby reacting compounds (a), (b) or (c) with sequestering agents.
In addition to aluminum trihydroxide, the catalysts defined by (a) include aluminum alcoholates wherein the R substituents is an alkyl or aryl-containing radical. Exemplary of such R substituents are alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, pentyl, octyl,3-methylheptyl, octadecyl, 6-butyloctadecyl and myricyl radicals and aryl-containing (aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl) radicals containing at least 6 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, 2-ethylphenyl, xenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, 3,4-methylethylphenyl,2-phenyl-octyl, 2-ethyltolyl, diphenylmethyl, 4,5-diphenylpentyl and 2-phenylpropyl.
Illustrative of the aluminum alcoholates, Al(OR).sub.3, are the trialkoxides, such as aluminum triethoxide, aluminum tri-isopropoxide, aluminum tri(sec-butoxide), aluminum tri-3-amyloxide, trioctoxyaluminum, tridodecyloxyaluminum,trihexadecyloxyaluminum and trioctadecyloxyaluminum; alkoxyarylaluminates, such as di-isopropoxidecresyl aluminate; and aryl aluminates, such as tri(o-cresyl)aluminate, tri(m-cresyl)aluminate, tri(2,4-xylenyl)aluminate, tri(hexylphenyl)aluminate,tri(nonylphenyl)aluminate, tri(dinonylphenyl)aluminate, tri(dodecylphenyl)aluminate and tri(2-naphthyl)aluminate. Preferred triaryl aluminates are those in which the --OR substituent represents the residue of a readily distillable phenolic compound,such as phenol or alkylphenols having 1 to 18 alkyl carbon atoms.
The second class of aluminum catalysts, the acylates, (b) contain at least one ##STR19## radical in which R' is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical such as previously described or an aryl such as the phenyl radical or the previously describedalkaryl or aralkyl radicals.
The aluminum acylates (b) include aluminum triacylates, such as aluminum triacetate, aluminum tripropionate, aluminum tribenzoate, aluminum tristearate, aluminum tributyrate, aluminum-diacetate-monostearate and aluminum tri(3-methylbenzoate). Also included when n equals 1 or 2 are hydroxylated or alkoxylated aluminum acylates such as aluminum hydroxy/distearate, aluminum monoisopropoxide dibenzoate, aluminum hydroxy diacetate, aluminum dihydroxy monobutyrate and aluminum ethoxide distearate. Other such primary and secondary salts, the corresponding mono- and di-carboxylic acid aluminum alcoholates and method of their preparation are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,932,659.
As is well known the alkoxy and hydroxy-functional aluminum can be subjected to condensation polymerization to form dimers, trimers and cyclic polymers which retain acyloxy functionality. ##STR20## is one such aluminum condensate. If desiredthe aluminum acylate catalysts can be formed insitu by adding an inactive compound, such as aluminum lactate, aluminum borate, or aluminum phenoxide and a carboxylic acid, such as stearic acid or benzoic acid to the reactant mixture.
The third class of aluminum catalysts is the salt of an aluminum trialkoxide. For example, suitable salts include H.sup.+ Al.sup.- (OC.sub.3 H.sub.7).sub.3 OCH.sub.3, H.sup.+ Al.sup.- (OC.sub.4 H.sub.9).sub.4 and H.sup.+ Al.sup.- (OC.sub.6H.sub.5)(OC.sub.3 H.sub.7).sub.3.
The reaction (condensation) products of aluminum alkoxides or aluminum acylates with .tbd.SiOH or silicon-bponded hydrolyzable radicals are also useful as catalysts. These aluminosiloxy compounds are represented by the formula
in which R.sup.2 and a are as previously defined. Because of the siloxy-functionality these catalysts are more readily dispersed and of greater solubility in the reactants, whereas certain of the other listed aluminum compounds do not haveappreciable solubility in the reactants. Examples of such alumino-siloxy catalysts include the reaction product of aluminum ethoxide with methyldimethoxysilanol, the reaction product of aluminum isopropoxide with dimethyldiacetoxysilane, the reactionproduct of aluminum hydroxy distearate with trimethylsilanol, the reaction product of aluminum diacetate benzoate with
the reaction product of aluminum propinate with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane and the like. Methods of synthesizing alumino-siloxy compounds are well-known as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,061,587, 3,152,999 and 3,184,418.
These alumino-siloxy compounds may be generated insitu, for example one may add methyltrimethoxysilane and aluminum hydroxy diacetate to the reactants. It may be that, in all cases, the truely active catalytic species contains an Si-O-Al bondand that this species is formed when aluminum compounds (a), (b), (c) and the like are added to the silanol-containing reactant. It is obvious that other than the named aluminum compounds will react with the hydroxy-functional silicon atoms to formalumino-siloxy catalysts. For example trimethyl aluminum can be reacted with trimethylsilanol to form (CH.sub.3).sub.2 AlOSi(CH.sub.3).sub.3 which acts as a catalyst for the reaction.
The aluminum chelate catalysts are known compounds formed by reacting aluminum alkoxide or acylates with nitrogen and sulfur-free sequestering agents containing oxygen as the coordinating atom, such as ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone, diethylmalonate and acetoacetic acid esters of high molecular weight alcohols, such as stearyl alcohol.
The described aluminum catalysts are selective to the extent that, under the reaction conditions, there is ring-opening of the epoxy group to form ##STR21## but there is a minimum of silanol-silanol condensation. The silanol-epoxy reaction ispredominate as evidenced by the substantial lack of or only minimal evolution of water which accompanies the .tbd.SiOH condensation. It has been found that the presence of water seriously inhibits the catalytic action of the described aluminum compoundsin promoting the silanol-epoxy reaction. Other organo-metalic compounds, such as aluminum glycinate, aluminum borate, stannous stearate, cobalt octoate, tetraisopropyltitanate and lead acetate, catalyze silanol condensation to the extent that a foamedproduct is obtained and reaction of the silanol with the epoxide is minimal.
The reaction between the silanol and epoxy group is accomplished by heating under substantially anhydrous conditions a mixture of the described reactants and aluminum catalyst. Substantially anhydrous conditions is taken to mean that there isless than 0.5 weight percent, preferably less than 0.05 weight percent free water present in the mixture of reactants. The reaction temperature will vary depending upon the specific reactants present, the amount and activity of the particular aluminumcatalyst utilized and the nature of any additives or fillers in the reaction mixture. Generally the temperatures will vary from 20.degree. to 250.degree. C. Certain of the catalysts are latent to the extent that they possess no significant activitybelow 100.degree. C. This is an advantage in that mixtures of the coreactants and catalysts have a long shelf life and the inherent difficulties of premature cure are minimized. Of course, the time necessary to complete the reaction will vary withtemperature also. Generally, a temperature which provides complete reaction or curing in about 30 minutes or less is preferred.
The quantity of coreactants utilized in the above method can vary over a wide range depending upon the nature of the desired product. If desired, the epoxide can be combined with less than a chemical equivalent amount of the silanol coreactant. The term "chemical equivalent amount" refers to the amount of organosilicon coreactant needed to furnish one silanol group for every epoxy group. That amount is, of course, a function of the silanol content of the organosilicon coreactant. Generally,the method is carried out utilizing a chemical equivalent amount of 0.1:1 to 5:1 or organosilicon reactant to epoxy reactant. When fillers are combined with the coreactants, it is preferred to utilize 0.5:1 to 2:1 chemical equivalent of organosilicon toepoxy reactant.
Catalytic amounts of the defined aluminum compounds must be present. The specific amount of catalyst is not critical so long as there is a minimum amount necessary to promote the reaction. This minimum effective amount will vary with thespecific catalyst, the coreactants utilized and the reaction conditions. If the aluminum catalyst is soluble in one or both of the coreactants the effective amount is less than when the same aluminum compound is utilized in combination with reactants inwhich the material is insoluble. Catalytic amounts as low as 0.05 percent by weight based on the total weight of reactants have been observed to promote the reaction at a practical rate. Amounts greater than 5 weight percent do not provide any furtheroptimization of cure rate or properties in the reaction product.
The coreactants and catalyst can be mixed in any desired manner. When low viscosity liquids are utilized, stirring may be sufficient to provide a homogeneous mixture of the coreactants and catalyst. Solid materials can be mixed by milling orblending of powders. If desired, solvents may be added to facilitate mixing.
The reaction mixture can contain small amounts of conventional additives, such as plasticizers, release agents and fire retardants; pigments, such as titanium dioxide, carbon black and iron oxide. This composition can also include solid fillers,both reinforcing fillers and extending filling as conventionally used in other silicone compositions. The reinforcing fillers preferably are the reinforcing silica fillers, both treated and untreated. The reinforcing silica fillers include fume silica,silica aerogel, silica zerogel, and precipitated silicas. The reinforcing silica fillers can be treated with the conventional organosilicon treating agents which are well known in the art and include organosilanes, such as methyldichlorosilane orglycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, organosiloxanes such as hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane and organosilazanes such as hexamethyldisilazane. Examples of extending fillers include, asbestos, crushed fused quartz, aluminum oxide, aluminum silicate, zirconiumsilcate, magnesium oxide zinc oxide, talc, diatomaceous earth, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, clays, titanium dioxide, zirconia, mica, glass, sand, carbon black, graphite, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, wood flour, cork and fluorocarbon polymer powderamong others. Materials which inactivate the aluminum catalyst or otherwise adversely affect the reaction, such as significant quantities of certain amines, are to be excluded.
It is apparent that the present invention also provides novel compositions. The compositions within the scope of the present invention comprise a mixture of (A) an organosilicon compound containing at least one silicon-bonded hydroxyl group; (B)an organic compound containing at least one epoxy group and (C) a catalytic amount of an aluminum compound selected from the group previously described herein, there being sufficient organosilicon compund (A) present to provide at least 0.1 .tbd.SiOHgroups per epoxy group present in (B). All components (A), (B) and (C) of this composition have been described in detail with regard to the method of the present invention and further description would be repetitious. When the composition containspolyfunctional reactants it can be characterized as "curable" and it is believed that the composition cures by means of the described reaction of the silanol with the epoxy group in the presence of the aluminum catalyst. Of course, the invention is notrestricted to this reaction alone to account for the cure. The cure rate will vary with the particular catalyst (C), the nature of coreactants (A) and (B) and the cure temperature.
These reactive compositions vary in physical properties and form. They range from low viscosty fluids to powdered solids. Reaction of these compositions, such as by exposure to elevated temperatures, result in fluids of increased viscosity,sometimes to the stage of gellation while other compositions form hard resinous materials. Thus, the compositions have a variety of uses, such as surface coatings, as impregnating resins for laminates, as adhesives, as a powder coating, as pottings andcastings for electrical devices and as binders for molding compounds.
Preferred reactive compositions contain at least 0.1 chemical equivalents of organosilicon reactant per epoxy-functional equivalent; more preferred compositions containing from 0.5:1 to 1.5:1 chemical equivalents of the silanol-functionalorganosilicon compound in which the organosilicon compound contains at least 2.5 weight percent silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups.
In a specific embodiment, a curable composition comprises (A) from 10 to 60 weight percent of a phenyl polysiloxane resin having a degree of substitution of 1.0 to 1.7 and a silicon-bonded hydroxyl content of from 2.5 to 10 weight percent; (B)from 40 to 90 weight percent of a polyepoxide, i.e. those having more than one ##STR22## group per molecule .Iadd.and no unreacted hydroxyl (--OH) groups, .Iaddend.and 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the combined weight of (A) and (B) of an aluminumcatalyst (C) selected from the group consisting of aluminum acylates of the formula ##STR23## in which R, R', m and n are as previously described. The preferred polyepoxides include the .[.glycidyl ethers of polyphenols and.]. cycloaliphaticpolyepoxides. These compositions have particular utility as potting and encapsulating resins for electronic devices and in formulating molding compounds.
The preferred phenylpolysiloxane resin (A) is of the formula ##EQU2## in which R.sup.4 is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or phenyl radical and a has an average value of from 1.0 to 1.7. The phenyl silicon ratio of such resins isgenerally in the range of 0.20 to 1.5. Thus, the phenylsiloxane resin can contain units such as C.sub.6 H.sub.5 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2, CH.sub.3 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2, C.sub.2 H.sub.5 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2, C.sub.3 H.sub.7 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2, C.sub.6 H.sub.5(CH.sub.3)SiO, (CH.sub.3).sub.2 SiO, CH.sub.3 (C.sub.3 H.sub.7)SiO,(C.sub.6 H.sub.5).sub.2 SiO and minor amounts of triorganosiloxy groups such as (CH.sub.3).sub.3 SiO.sub.1 /.sub.2. Preferably the organosiloxane resin contains from 2.5 to 7 weightpercent silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups.
Exemplary of the epoxy resins (B) of the specific embodiments are the .[.reaction products of polyhydric phenols with epihalohydrins (glycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols), such as the polyglycidyl ether of 2,2-bis-(parahydroxyphenyl)propane;and the.]. polyglycidyl .[.ether.]. .Iadd.ethers .Iaddend.of the novalac condensation product such as the triphenylols, pentaphenylols and heptaphenylols described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,885,385. Another suitable class of epoxy resins are thecycloaliphatic polyepoxides having an epoxide equivalent (grams of resin containing one gram equivalent of epoxide) more than 65 such as vinyl cycloahexene dioxide and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate. A detailed description ofcycloaliphatic polyepoxides can be found in Canadian Pat. No. 868,444. Of the aluminum acylate catalysts, the aluminum stearate, distearate and benzoate species are preferred.
In addition to the three necessary components, the curable compositions can contain solvents, diluents, conventional additives and pigments as previously described. It is within the scope of the present invention to include reactive diluents inthe compositions. Reactive diluents, such as hydroxyl-terminated phenyl methyl polysiloxane fluid or phenyl glycidyl ether, can be added to the high viscosity or solid resins of the specific embodiment to provide easier mixing and handling of theuncured composition. Reactive diluents can also be used to modify the properties of the cured composition. For example, inclusion of sufficient quantities of dibromophenyl glycidyl ether or the diglycidyl ether of tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A will renderthe cured composition substantially self-extinguishing which s of particular interest when encapsulating electrical devices.
Fillers can also be added to compositions utilized as encapsulants and molding compounds. The solid inorganic fillers, either particulate or fibrous, are generally present in an amount in the range of 30 to 90 weight percent base on the totalweight of molding compound. Of the previously-described fillers, granular fused silica and/or glass fibers are preferred when the molding compound is utilized to encapsulate electronic devices.
The following examples are illustrative of the described method and reactive compositions. Such examples are not intended as limiting of the invention set forth in the claims. In the examples all percentages refer to weight percent, unlessotherwise specified. .[.EXAMPLE 1.].
.[.A mixture of 2.52 grams (27.97 meq.) of trimethylsilanol, 4.20 grams (27.97 meq.) of phenyl glycidyl ether and 0.12 grams of aluminum hydroxydistearate was heated for 80 minutes at 90.degree. C. A sample of the reaction mixture was titratedto determine epoxide equivalent, showing the reaction to be 60 percent complete on the basis of epoxide consumption. After an additional 41/2 hours at 90.degree. C., the reaction was about 88 percent complete as determined by the amount of epoxyconsumed. The bulk viscosity of the reaction mixture had increased substantially..].
.[.Approximately 10 percent of the available silicon was isolated by distillation from the reaction mixture in the form of the following isomeric adducts:.]. ##STR24## .[.and.]. ##STR25##
.[.Structure identification of the isomers was made by means of H' n.m.r. and infra-red analysis. The isomers were present in a ratio of approximately 1:1 in the isolated product. The other products in the reaction mixture were primarilysiloxanes and silylated epoxy polymerization products..].
.[.EXAMPLE 2.].
.[.A mixture of 9.36 grams (62.4 meq.) of phenyl glycidyl ether, 13.34 (62.4 meq.) of diphenylmethylsilanol and 0.13 grams of aluminum tri-isopropoxide was placed in a flask which was equipped with a magnetic stirrer, thermometer and a refluxcondenser. The flask was placed in a 70.degree. C. oil bath and the reactants were stirred. After eight minutes, the reaction mixture had exothermed at 130.degree. C. After stirring for an additional 5 minutes, the reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature..].
.[.The reaction product was analyzed. The low residual epoxide content (about 1 mol %) showed that the reaction was substantially complete in 13 minutes. The product contained 22 mol % .tbd.SiOC.tbd. bonding as determined by the analyticaltechnique described by J. A. Magnusun, Anal. Chem. 35(10), pgs. 1487-89 (1963)..].
.[.A second mixture of the above reactants in a solvent (6.5 grams of phenyl glycidyl ether and 8.55 grams of diphenylmethylsilanol in 79 grams of carbon tetrachloride) was heated to 70.degree. C. and 0.084 grams of aluminum triisopropoxide wasadded. After maintaining the mixture at 70.degree. C. for 192 minutes, the reaction in the solvent was 81.6% complete as determined by unconsumed phenyl glycidyl ether and the reaction product contained 26 mol % .tbd.SiOC.tbd. bonding as determined bythe previously-described analytical method. This same reaction was also run utilizing toluene and ansul ether as solvents. The use of these solvents gave slowerreaction rates..].
EXAMPLE .[.3.]. .Iadd.1 .Iaddend.
A mixture of equimolar amounts of diphenylmethylsilanol and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin precurser of the formula ##STR26## containing 2 percent aluminum acetylacetonate was reacted at room temperature (21.degree. C.). Titration for epoxyequivalent in the reaction mixture showed the reaction to be 15 percent complete in 46 minutes and 52 percent complete after 24 hours at room temperature. This same reaction in the presence of the aluminum acetylacetonate catalyst was complete in 10minutes at 80.degree. C.
In a similar experiment, equimolar (10 meq.) amounts of trimethylsilanol and propylene oxide were reacted in the presence of 4 weight aluminum acetylacetonate. After 3 hours at from 60.degree.-80.degree. C., the reaction was 52 percentcomplete. When 2 meq. of silanol-free hexamethyldisiloxane was added to the above amount of trimethylsilanol/propyleneoxide catalyzed mixture, the reaction was 28 percent complete (as measured by epoxy consumed) after 3 hours at from60.degree.-70.degree. C.
A third type of reaction utilizing a siloxane polymer was run. A mixture of 9.36 grams (62.4 meq.) of phenyl glycidyl ether, 19.28 (62 meq. of --OH) of the phenylmethylpolysiloxane resin described in Example 4 and 0.13 grams of aluminumtri-isopropoxide was heated in a 70.degree. C. oil bath. After 12 minutes, the reaction had exothermed to 135.degree. C. The reaction was substantially complete after 12 minutes as determined by the (4 mol %) small amount of epoxy remaining in theproduct. The reaction product contained 58 mol % .tbd.SiOC.tbd. as determined by the .[.previously described.]. analytical method .Iadd.described by J. A. Magnusun, Anal. Chem. 35 (10), pgs. 1487-89 (1963) .Iaddend.as corrected for the amount of##STR27## and .tbd.COH present.
This example demonstrates that a varity of reaction conditions, including reaction at room temperature, are within the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE .[.4.]. .Iadd.2 .Iaddend.
The catalytic activity of various compounds was determined by briefly heating in an open dish 6.8 grams of phenylmethylsilicone resin with 3.4 grams of a commercially available cresol novalac epoxy resin on a 175.degree. C. hotplate and stirringuntil a homogeneous mixture was obtained. The silicon resin contained major amounts of CH.sub.3 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2 and C.sub.6 H.sub.5 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2 units and had an R/Si ratio in the range of 1.1 to 1.3, a C.sub.6 H.sub.5 /Si ratio in the range of0.5 0.7 and a hydroxy content of about 5.5 weight percent. The epoxy resin was epoxidized cresol novalac having a molecular weight of about 1170 and epoxide equivalent weight of 230. After the silicon-epoxy mixture was cooled, approximately 0.2 gramsof the specific aluminum compound was weighed onto the resin which was then returned to the 175.degree. C. hotplate. One minute after heating was begun the aluminum compound was stirred into the reactant mixture and time to gellation was observed. Thevarious catalysts used and type of cure obtained are listed below:
______________________________________ Catalyst Observation at 175.degree. C. ______________________________________ aluminum stearate hard flexible solid in 3 min. aluminum hydroxystearate hard flexible solid in 1.4 min. aluminumhydroxydistearate hard flexible solid in 2 min. aluminum resinate hard flexible solid in 2 min. aluminum oleate hard flexible solid in 5 min. aluminum benzoate hard flexible solid in 11 min. aluminum naphthenate hard flexible solid in 1.4 min. aluminum palmitate hard flexible solid after 2 min. aluminum tri-isopropoxide rubbery gel in 13 min. aluminum di-isopropoxide stearate hard flexible solid in 2.5 min. aluminum isopropoxide distearate hard solid in less than 2 min. aluminumdi-sec-butoxide hard flexible solid in 2 min. acetoacetic ester chelate aluminum di-isopropoxide hard flexible solid in 3 min. acetoacetic ester chelate ##STR28## cheezy gel after 3 min. ##STR29## cured as soon as stirring begun, hard but not flexible [(CH.sub.3).sub.3 SiO].sub.3 Al tough flexible solid in 2.5 min. [CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.3 O).sub.2 SiO].sub.3 Al* soft flexible solid in 15 min. Al(OC.sub.4 H.sub.9).sub.3 hard flexible solid in 2.5 min. ##STR30## hard flexible solid in 2.5min. ______________________________________ *prepared by reaction of AlCl.sub.3 with CH.sub.3 Si(OCH.sub.3).sub.3
There was no significant gas evolution during curing of the above compositions. This indicates that hydroxyl condensation to form siloxanes was not the predominate cure mechanism. Hydroxyl condensation, of course, generates water which, in anysignificant amount, inhibits curing. Other compounds were tested by the above-described method and showed activity as silanol condensation catalysts to the extent of precluding any other reaction. Some compounds, such as aluminum borate, stannousstearate, stannous citrate and indium acetylacetonate, were such active condensation catalysts as to result in foaming (resulting from volatilization of water) under the cure conditions.
The aluminum catalyst can be generated insitu. In one instance, a portion of a catalyst was generated insitu by adding 1 gram of stearic acid to the 0.2 grams of aluminum lactate which was then stirred into the heated mixture of the describedreactants. Aluminum stearate was thus formed during the reaction. The use of the stearic acid-aluminum lactate combination gave a soft gel in 88 minutes at 175.degree. C. as compared to the viscous fluid obtained after 120 minutes by the use ofaluminum lactate alone. Aluminum lactate is considered to have only minimal catalytic activity.
These data demonstrate the varying catalytic activity of the aluminum compounds utilized in the practice of the invention.
.[.EXAMPLE 5.].
.[.Curable compositions suitable for use as encapsulating and casting resins were prepared by adding the phenylmethyl silicone resin described in Example 4 to a stirred heated mixture of phenylglycidyl ether and the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenolA to provide a homegeneous mixture of reactants containing 60% silicone resin, 20% phenyl glycidyl ether and 20% of the epoxy resin, having an SiOH/epoxy ratio of about 0.7:1 and a viscosity at 25.degree. C. of 5000 cs. After cooling to roomtemperature, 100 grams of this reactant mixture was blended with 98 grams of crushed quartz filler, 2 grams of carbon black pigment and 0.1 grams of aluminum stearate catalyst. The formulation was mixed in a Waring Blender and degassed under vacuum atroom temperature. The filled formulation had a viscosity at 25.degree. C. of 35,000 cs. Because of the small amount of catalyst (0.1% BOR), the pot life of the formulation was greater than 2 months, yet castings of the material were cured in 2 hoursat 100.degree. C. The cured castings had a flex strength of 15,000 p.s.i. and a hardness (Durometer-Shore D at 25.degree. C.) of 85..].
.[.A second composition was prepared by adding a phenylpropyl silicone resin to a stirred heated mixture of a silicone fluid, phenyl glycidyl ether and the abovedescribed epoxy resin. The silicone resin consisted essentially of C.sub.6 H.sub.5SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2 and C.sub.3 H.sub.7 SiO.sub.3 /.sub.2 units and had a hydroxy content of about 6 percent. The .phi./Si ratio of the resin was in the range of 0.65:1 to 0.75:1. The silicone fluid was a silanol terminated diorganopolysiloxaneconsisting of C.sub.6 H.sub.5 (CH.sub.3)SiO units and had a viscosity in the range of 400 to 800 cs. as measured at 25.degree. C. The mixture of reactants, containing 40 percent phenyl propyl silicone resin, 20 percent phenylmethyl silicone fluid, 30percent epoxy resin and 10 percent phenyl glycidyl ether, had a viscosity of 2600 cs. at 25.degree. C. and contained 0.75 silanol groups per epoxy group. This reactant mixture was utilized in formulating a potting composition having the proportions asdescribed above; i.e., 100 parts resin, 100 parts filler and pigment and 0.1 parts catalyst. The filled formulation had a viscosity of 17,200 cs. as measured at 25.degree. C. When cast and cured for 2 hours at 100.degree. C., the material exhibited aflexural strength of 4000 p.s.i. and a "Shore-D" hardness of 80 at 25.degree. C..].
.[.Cured samples of both materials were tested to determine environmental effects. Discs of the material (2 inch diameter.times.1/8 inch thick) were cured for 2 hours at 100.degree. C. After heating at 150.degree. C. for 24 hours bothformulations exhibited less than 2 percent weight loss. When immersed in water for 7 days at 25.degree. C., neither material showed more than 0.2 percent weight gain. Immersion in toluene at room temperature for 24 hours gave about 5 percent weightgain in both materials with only minor surface flaking. The cured compositions were found to be flammable as determined by a vertical flammability test. The compositions can be rendered self-extinguishing by the incorporation of brominated epoxycompounds or use of conventional additives, such as tris(chloroalkyl)phosphates or brominated analogs. In one instance, 20 percent dibromophenyl glycidyl ether was mixed with 50 percent of the described phenylmethyl silicone fluid and 30 percent of thedescribed epoxy resin and cured with 0.1 percent aluminum stearate for 2 hours at 100.degree. C., then post-cured for 16 hours at 150.degree. C. to yield a material having a flex strength of 6100 p.s.i. and self extinguishing..].
EXAMPLE .[.6.]. .Iadd.3 .Iaddend.
The silicone resin and epoxy cresol novalac described in Example .[.4.]. .Iadd.2 .Iaddend.were blended with catalysts and fillers to provide molding compounds suitable for encapsulating electronic devices. In one embodiment of a preferredmolding compound contained 119.6 grams of the silicone resin, 64.4 grams of the epoxy resin, 449 grams of amorphous silica filler, 160 grams of short (1/32 inch) glass fibers and small amounts of lamp black pigment, a polysiloxane release agent andbenzoic acid. Sufficient aluminum dihydroxy stearate to provide 1 percent (based on the combined weight of resins) catalyst. These components were mixed by milling the resin and silica on a heated two roll mill, then adding the glass fibers withfurther milling and lastly blending in the catalyst, pigments and additives by crossmilling several times and cooling to provide a granular molding compound containing 23 percent binder resin.
The moldability of this compound was evaluated by transfer molding for 3 minutes at 800 p.s.i. and 175.degree. C. utilizing a standard spiral flow mold. Freshly prepared compound exhibited 29.5 inches flow. Flex bar samples were molded underthe same conditions and exhibited 17,100 p.s.i. flex strength as molded. Post curing for 2 hours at 200.degree. C. increased the flex strength to 21,630 p.s.i. indicating good cure under molding conditions. After immersion in boiling water for 288hours, the sample retained a flex strength of 12,900 p.s.i. The post-cured sample (2 hours at 200.degree. C.) exhibited low shrinkage (0.0061 in./in.) and weight loss (0.67 percent).
The above described formulation was molded around intergrated circuits (IC's) and button diodes. The IC's were transfer molded utilizing a 20 cavity mold at 2500 p.s.i. and 175.degree. C. with a 3 minute molding cycle. Moldability of thecompound was excellent with no gate blockage, no bleed from the compound nor staining of the mold. The compound cured in the mold under these conditions and the cured article released readily from the mold. When tested in an autoclave (15 p.s.i. steam) or boiling water for 240 hours, a greater number of these IC's survived than IC's molded with a commercially available silicone molding compound.
Other molding compounds were formulated utilizing different filler systems, for example, glass fibers were omitted; different additives, for example calcium stearate was utilized as the release agent and different proportions of silicone to epoxyin the binder resin. These formulations had properties rendering them useful in a number of applications for thermosetting molding compounds.
EXAMPLE .[.7.]. .Iadd.4 .Iaddend.
For purposes of comparison, silicone resin, epoxy resins and mixtures thereof were utilized as binders for molding compounds such as described above. The resin components utilized were the phenylmethylpolysiloxane and epoxy cresol novalacdescribed in Example .[.4.]. .Iadd.2.Iaddend.. The molding compound was made by mixing 200 grams of resin, 555 grams of amorphous silica filler, 40 grams of milled glass fibers, and 3 grams of lamp black for about 4 minutes on a two-roll mill. Aluminum benzoate (1.0 grams) was added to the compound and the mixture was milled for an additional two minutes. The properties of the molding compound were evaluated by transfer molding at 800 p.s.i. and 175.degree. C. in a standard spiral mold witha 1.5 minute molding cycle.
Results of transfer molding for compounds containing different base resins are tabulated below:
__________________________________________________________________________ Hot Hardness Composition of Spiral Flow (Shore "D" Binder Resin (Inches) Durometer) Moldability __________________________________________________________________________ 200 grams of phenylmethyl- 46 35-40 extremely poor release polysiloxane catalyzed with with heavy staining of 0.5 wt. % aluminum benzoate mold, cured only to a soft gell 200grams of epoxy cresol 61 fluid no cull formed novalac resin catalyzed with 0.5 wt. % aluminum benzoate 120 grams of phenylmethyl- 69 fluid no cull formed polysiloxane and 80 grams of epoxy cresol novalac with no catalyst 120 grams ofphenylmethyl- 9 72-78 released with only slight polysiloxane and 80 grams of adhesion to the spiral mold. eposy cresol novalac catalyzed no mold staining with 0.5 wt. % aluminum benzoate __________________________________________________________________________
The above comparison shows that, under the specified molding conditions, aluminum benzoate is a very weak condensation catalyst, giving partial cure through silanol condensation when utilized with the silicone binder, but exhibits no catalyticactivity with respect to the epoxy alone. Curing of the silicone/epoxy mixture does not occur in the absence of the catalyst. The molding composition of the invention (containing aluminum benzoate catalyzed silicone/epoxy mixture) cured readily underthe same conditions, giving 9 inches of flow and very good hot hardness. It is apparent that the silanol condensation mechanism does not give the same degree of cure under these conditions.
EXAMPLE .[.8.]. .Iadd.5 .Iaddend.
Aluminum tri-isopropoxide was mixed with excess phenolic novalac on a heated (150.degree. C.) two-roll mill. After cooling, the granulated material, which may have contained ##STR31## resulting from reaction of phenols with isopropoxide group,was utilized as a catalyst in a molding compound. The molding compound consisted of 120 grams of the phenylmethyl siloxane resin of Example 4, 80 grams of the epoxy resin of Example .Badd..[.4.]..Baddend. .Iadd.2.Iaddend., 40 grams of 1/32 inches glassfibers, 555 grams of amorphous silica, 3 grams of lamp black and 2 grams of the catalyst. The components were milled on a two-roll mill, one roll being heated and the other cooled. After cooling and being granulated, the material was transfer molded at800 p.s.i. and 175.degree. C. with a 90 second molding cycle and exhibited 18 inches of flow in a spiral flow mold and a hot hardness (durometer-Shore D at 175.degree. C.) of 40-45. Modification of the molding compound by addition of 4 grams of aphosphate ester flow agent and 2 grams of stearic acid gave 22.5 inches of spiral flow under the same molding conditions and a hot hardness of 58-62.
Aluminum hydroxide was prepared by hydrolysis of aluminum tri-isopropoxide and precipitated with excess water. The wet aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH).sub.3.XH.sub.2 O was an active catalyst when utilized in place of the above aluminum compound inthe above-described molding compound. Fifteen grams of the wet aluminum hydroxide was milled with the described quantities of the other components to provide a molding exhibiting 28 inches of flow in the spiral mold (800 p.s.i., 175.degree. C. for 90sec.) and a hot hardness of 40-45.
An aluminum acetate condensation product of the formula ##STR32## was also utilized as the sole catalyst in the described molding compound formulation. Addition of one gram of this catalyst (0.8 percent based on the weight of resin) provided 18inches flow and a hot hardness of 70-75 in the testing of the molding compound. A modified molding compound containing 2 grams of the aluminum acetate condensation product and 2 grams of the phosphate ester flow additive exhibited 33.5 inches flow and ahot hardness of 60-65 when tested in the manner described above. Good results (20 inches flow and hot hardness of about 55) were obtained utilizing aluminum benzoate at 0.5% based on resin) as the catalyst and the phosphate ester additive (2% based onresin) in the described molding compound.
.[.EXAMPLE 9.].
.[.A flexible potting resin was prepared by stirring a heated mixture of 24.5 parts of the phenylmethylsiloxane resin described in Example 4, 9 parts of the diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A, 0.25 parts of aluminum tri(sec-butoxide) and 7 partspoly(ethylene oxide) having a molecular weight of approximately 400. The poly(ethylene oxide) was added as a plasticizer to improve shatter resistance in the cured product. This catalyzed mixture had a viscosity of more than 1000 cs. at 25.degree. C.The catalyzed material was cured for 30 minutes at 80.degree. C. to provide a tack-free thermoset resin having very good impact strength..].
EXAMPLE .Badd..[.10.]..Baddend. .Iadd.6 .Iaddend.
To demonstrate the effect of moisture on the rate of reaction, a molding compound was prepared and tested to determine flow and hot hardness, with a sample of the molding compound being exposed to 100% relative humidity for 9 days, then tested. A portion of the exposed sample was dried by placing it in a bell jar over anhydrous calcium sulfate for 3 days and then tested. The molding compound was prepared by milling 120 grams of the silicone resin described in Example .[.4.]. .Iadd.2.Iaddend.,80 grams of epoxy resin described in Example .Badd..[.4.]..Baddend. .Iadd.2.Iaddend., 555 grams of amorphous silica, 40 grams of 1/32-inch glass fibers, 4 grams of glycerin (processing aid) and 1 gram of aluminum benzoate (catalyst). These componentswere mixed by milling in the manner described in Example .Badd..[.6.]..Baddend. .Iadd.3.Iaddend..
The rate of curing of the described samples determined by transfer molding the compounds at 800 p.s.i. and 175.degree. C. with a 1.5 minute mold cycle utilizing a standard spiral flow mold. Results are tabulated below:
______________________________________ Flow in Hot Hardness Spiral Mold (Shore D- Sample Description (inches) Durometer) ______________________________________ As prepared 16 70-74 Exposed to 100% RH 30 32 for 9 days Dried for 3 days 1964 ______________________________________
The shorter the flow during the mold cycle, the faster the cure. The data demonstrate that the cure rate is significantly reduced by the presence of a small amounts of water. Removal of water from the molding compound gave cured propertiescomparable to those ofthe "as prepared" samples.
EXAMPLE .Badd..[.11.]..Baddend. .Iadd.7 .Iaddend.
An epoxy-functional silicone copolymer, containing 55 mol percent ##STR33## units, the remainder of the siloxy units being diphenylsiloxy and trimethylsiloxy units, was mixed with an equal weight of silanol-terminated,dimethylsiloxyphenylmethylsiloxy copolymer. The viscosity of the mixture was less than 1000 cs. at 25.degree. C. Aluminum acetylacetonate, sufficient to provide 0.1 weight percent based on the total weight, was added to the mixture. The catalyzedmixture was heated at 150.degree. C. for 48 hours. The cured product was a moderately soft, gel-like solid having some elastomeric properties. This example demonstrates the use of epoxy-functional organosilicon compounds as the epoxy component of thecurable compositions of the present invention.
Reasonable modification and variation are within the scope of the invention which is directed to a novel method of obtaining compositions containing .tbd.SIOC.tbd. and cured compositions containing .tbd.SIOC.tbd..
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