Apparatus

Accessories and details

Elements

Agitating

Air and gas seals

Cleaning and decarbonizing

Closures

Bottom

Cooling or quenching

Dome ovens

Hinged

Removable

Tunnel heads and lids

Fluid cooled

Horizontal retort

Coke-oven type

Rotary retort

Top

Charging

Distilland supports and containers

Expansion provisions

Feeding and discharging

Smoke escapes

Foam control

Materials of construction

Corrugated walls

Offtakes

Cooled

Dip pipes and mains

Valved

Jacketed

Plural

Residue offtakes

Valved

Systems

Autothermic

Closed kiln

With residue quencher or cooler

With steam generator

Open kiln

Portably mounted

Separatory and thermolytic

Separatory

Column

Automatic temperature and/or pressure control

Partial reflux condenser

Vapor-element by-pass

With preheater

Still and column

Plural columns

Plural stills

Parallel

Still

Automatic heat control

Plural

Series

Multiple effect

Recovery from containers

Still and extractor

Continuous extraction

Still and feed-water heater

Still and stand boiler

Still and stove

Still extractor

Vacuum

With agitator

With condensate-treating devices

Aeration

Decanter

With distilland treating devices

Level control

Preheater

Condensing

Dephlegmating

Straining

With vapor-treating devices

Aerator

Condenser

Air condensers

Circulating coolant in cap or top closure

Concentric with still

Direct contact

Helical coil for coolant

Helical coil for vapor stream

Plural

Still feeding

Distilland-level control

Still supported

Cap (or closure)

Jacketed

Still feeding

Distilland-level control

Still feeding

Still supporting

Dephlegmator

Doubler

Filter

Still and absorber

Still absorber

With separator

Thermolytic and autothermic

Kiln and directly heated chamber

Chamber externally heated

Interchangeable

Retort and kiln

Retort heated by combustion

Thermolytic

Directly heated chamber

Rotary chamber

Dome ovens

Hearths

Distilland transferring

Vertical series

Retort

Combustion control devices

Conveying

Reciprocating

Screw

Horizontal

Gas bench

With fluid injection

With recuperator

Plural gas and/or air admission

Rotary

With flues

Horizontal

With regenerators

Vertical

With recuperators

With reversible regenerators

Alternatively poor and/or rich gas fuel

Regenerators reversing across the system

Regenerators reversing along the system

With fluid injection to retort

With heating chamber

Inclined

Gas bench

Rotary

With fluid injection

With regenerator or recuperator

Plural

Annularly arranged

Common heating furnace

Vertical and horizontal or inclined

Preheating

Vertical

With fluid injection

With heating chamber

Alternate reverse flow flues

Circumvallate flues

Vertical flues

With recuperator

With regenerator

With cyclic volatile circulation

With digester

With direct heating

With distilland pressure

With distillate fixing chamber

With recuperators and regenerators

With steam generation

Stalls

Tunnels

Types

Autothermic

Directly heated chamber

Rotary

Heap

Kiln

Arched

Bottom discharge

Partable and/or knockdown

Quencher

Conveyer type

Gas or vapor circulating

Submersible chamber

Retort

Flued

Molten bath

Residue treatment

Rotary and/or tilting

Structural features

Cores

Shields

Wall

Vertical

Separatory and thermolytic

Directly heated chamber

Still retort

Stump stills

Separatory

Still

Directly and indirectly heated

Directly heated

Indirectly heated

Rotary and/or tiltable

Spray forming and filming

Tubular

Scale problems digest